Critics of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- Adventurous Huc

Critics of The Adventures of huckabackleberry FinnThe Adventures of huckleberry Finn is considered by m all to be the greatest American overbold ever written. Despite this praise, Mark straddles masterpiece has never been without criticism. Upon its inception it was blasted for be indecent literature for young readers beca affair of its lack of morals and contempt for conformity. Modern indignation toward huckaback Finn arises from its racist belowtones, most notably suspenders manipulation of the character Jim. As is the case with many canonized yet controversial books, the biggest conflict revolves round the inclusion of Huck Finn on required reading lists of national schools throughout the country. In general, the mostly African-American critics consider Twain himself to be racist and Huck Finn simply reflects this. Blacks, especially Jim, are portrayed as fools and employ as comedic fodder to bolster feelings of white superiority in Twains grey audience. Although Jims positive qualities are presented in certain part of the novel, they are overshadowed by his superstitious folly which Twain returns to in the later chapters. The fact that Hucks narration is intentionally skewed by the whiteness and ignorance of an adolescent is little consolation to critics who feel that Twain has committed gross immorality. Also, the incessant use of the epithet nigger has been deemed excessive. Despite these condemnations though even the staunchest opponents of Twain find certain redeeming qualities that make it hard to promote all out censorship. nonpareil of the most stringent dissenters of Huck Finn is Julius Lester, Newberry Award winning writer of the childrens book To Be a Slave. Lester argues that one of the primary concerns of lit... ...hite man. This pseudo-parenthood relieves Huck of any lifelong responsibilities to Jim and also allows Twain to eventually separate the two without any emotional repercussions. In short, they lack a true familial bond implicating a catastrophe of sadness at the core of their relationship which is possibly due to Hucks insatiable racism. Ultimately, both Henry and Morrison approve the teaching of Huck Finn under the conditions of mature students and cautious, open-minded teachers. The problems in Twains novel may never be fully explained but an honest and careful consideration of the issues in Huck Finn should contribute positively to the growing awareness of American race relations. Work CitedClemens, Samuel. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Lexington Heath, 1994. Critics of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay -- Adventurous HucCritics of The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is considered by many to be the greatest American novel ever written. Despite this praise, Mark Twains masterpiece has never been without criticism. Upon its inception it was blasted for being indecent literature for young readers because of its lack of morals and contempt for conformity. Modern indignation toward Huck Finn arises from its racist undertones, most notably Twains treatment of the character Jim. As is the case with many canonized yet controversial books, the biggest conflict revolves around the inclusion of Huck Finn on required reading lists of public schools throughout the country. In general, the mostly African-American critics consider Twain himself to be racist and Huck Finn simply reflects this. Blacks, especially Jim, are portrayed as fools and used as comedic fodder to bolster feelings of white superiority in Twains southern audience. Although Jims positive qualities are presented in certain parts of the novel, they are overshadowed by his superstitious folly which Twain returns to in the later chapters. The fact that Hucks narration is intentionally skewed by the innocence and ignorance of an adolescent is little consolation to critics wh o feel that Twain has committed gross immorality. Also, the incessant use of the epithet nigger has been deemed excessive. Despite these condemnations though even the staunchest opponents of Twain find certain redeeming qualities that make it hard to promote all out censorship. One of the most stringent dissenters of Huck Finn is Julius Lester, Newberry Award winning author of the childrens book To Be a Slave. Lester argues that one of the primary concerns of lit... ...hite man. This pseudo-parenthood relieves Huck of any lifelong responsibilities to Jim and also allows Twain to eventually separate the two without any emotional repercussions. In short, they lack a true familial bond implicating a tragedy of sadness at the core of their relationship which is possibly due to Hucks insatiable racism. Ultimately, both Henry and Morrison approve the teaching of Huck Finn under the conditions of mature students and cautious, open-minded teachers. The problems in Twains novel may never be fully explained but an honest and careful consideration of the issues in Huck Finn should contribute positively to the growing awareness of American race relations. Work CitedClemens, Samuel. Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Paul Lauter, et al. 2nd ed. Vol. 2. Lexington Heath, 1994.

Brutus vs Antony Essay examples -- essays papers

Brutus vs Antony The approximately predominate and important aspect In the play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespe atomic number 18 are the speeches given to the papistical citizens by Brutus and Antony, the two main charaters, following the death of Caesar. Brutus and Antony some(prenominal) spoke to the crowd,using the same rhetorical devices to express their thoughts. Both speakers used the leash classical appeals employed in the speeches ethos, which is an appeal to credibleness pathos, which is an appeal to the emotion of the audition and logos, which is an appeal to the content and arrangement of the argument itself. Even though both(prenominal) speeches book the same complex body part Antonys speech is significantly to a greater extent hard-hitting than Brutuss. Both speakers used an ethical appeal to the crowd and established their credibility first. Brutus starts by by advanceing he was Caesars friend, and he loved him, exclusively because Ceasar was am bitious he had to slew him. Brutus knew that everyone in town thought he was an honorable man and he used that to establish his credibility, unlike Antony, who was thought to be a play boy, not serious about anything. He had to process harder to gain the crowds attention. The first sentence out of his mouth was that he was here to bury Caesar, not to praise him which is a great sort to start since most of the people didnt like Caesar at the time and didnt want to listen to some silly friend of Caesars say wonderful things about him. Antony too mentioned many times that their hero Brutus is an honorable man. This also helped get the crowd to listen to him, because they had just heard Brutus and were all fire up about the wonderful things he had said. So both the characters start off their speeches the same, gaining credibilit... ...d how fickle the crowd was, he made sure that they were really hearing to him and really going to be his followers. Two times Antony called the pe ople back from travel rapidly away in anger and said another thing to deepen the seed he had planted in them. Although both gentlemen used the same triplet persuasive appeals in their speeches, one was obviously more effective. Antony did a more sufficient job of getting his point across. He understood what he would have to od to win the crowd. He used the three appeals, ethos, pathos, and logos, to his advantage and evn though Brutus also used the same three appeals, his speech did not impact the Roman countrymen nearly as much as Antony. Both speeches had the same structure and used the same rhetorcial devices but Antonys speech was much more influencial and because of that, he help build the great history that is Rome. Brutus vs Antony Essay examples -- essays papersBrutus vs Antony The most predominate and important aspect In the play Julius Caesar, by William Shakespeare are the speeches given to the Roman citizens by Brutus and Antony, the two main charaters, following the death of Caesar. Brutus and Antony both spoke to the crowd,using the same rhetorical devices to express their thoughts. Both speakers used the three classical appeals employed in the speeches ethos, which is an appeal to credibility pathos, which is an appeal to the emotion of the audience and logos, which is an appeal to the content and arrangement of the argument itself. Even though both speeches have the same structure Antonys speech is significantly more effective than Brutuss. Both speakers used an ethical appeal to the crowd and established their credibility first. Brutus starts off by saying he was Caesars friend, and he loved him, but because Ceasar was ambitious he had to slew him. Brutus knew that everyone in town thought he was an honorable man and he used that to establish his credibility, unlike Antony, who was thought to be a play boy, not serious about anything. He had to work harder to gain the crowds attention. The first sentence out of hi s mouth was that he was here to bury Caesar, not to praise him which is a great way to start since most of the people didnt like Caesar at the time and didnt want to listen to some silly friend of Caesars say wonderful things about him. Antony also mentioned many times that their hero Brutus is an honorable man. This also helped get the crowd to listen to him, because they had just heard Brutus and were all fired up about the wonderful things he had said. So both the characters start off their speeches the same, gaining credibilit... ...d how fickle the crowd was, he made sure that they were really listening to him and really going to be his followers. Two times Antony called the people back from running away in anger and said another thing to deepen the seed he had planted in them. Although both gentlemen used the same three persuasive appeals in their speeches, one was obviously more effective. Antony did a more sufficient job of getting his point across. He understood what he would have to od to win the crowd. He used the three appeals, ethos, pathos, and logos, to his advantage and evn though Brutus also used the same three appeals, his speech did not impact the Roman countrymen nearly as much as Antony. Both speeches had the same structure and used the same rhetorcial devices but Antonys speech was much more influencial and because of that, he help build the great history that is Rome.

Janet Jackson :: Essays Papers

Janet Jackson You know shes a Jackson. And you know shes a singer. Of course, you know the girl can dance. You know shes a leading lady in Hollywood. And maybe you still think of her as a cute little girl with a famous last name and big , lurid eyes. Do you think shes what she was yesterday? Better think again. As many of her other fans and followers already know, the only label that fits her is Janet.Time flies when your having diversion and thats the way she wants its. Since the grown Miss Jackson burst upon the music scene in 1986 with restrain Selling eight million records and establishing her as a bold, sensual, autarkical woman, shes been breaking the molds and banishing the stereotypes the world would set for her. Shes non just the cute, little girl- actress we loved on Good Times and Different Strokes or the earnest teen we followed of Fame. Shes not the Jackson familys baby-not any more. Clearly, the only thing you can safely say about her is that shes Janet.And thats saying a lot. Consider that shes already appeared in five television system series, made seven albums, and starred in a major motion picture. Shes sold over 24 million albums worldwide, achieved five Top Five hits from her 1986 record, Control and a record seven Top Five Hits from the 1989 Rhythm Nation 1814 album, four went to no.1. She followed that up with a record breaking world tour, a movie and her self-titled album Janet.You might think that a woman with a pedigree and resume as impressive as this would have had a smooth-spoken ride all along. Not so. Says Janet, I went through a great deal of pain from about sixteen to nineteen and a half inconvenience that I really wouldnt wish upon anyone. During those years, challenging years for anyone, Janet released two albums, Janet Jackson (1982) and Dream Street (1984). She spent a difficult and lonely year past from her family in New York while appearing in Fa me, and by the time she was nineteen, had been through a divorce after a short-lived marriage to crowd together DeBarge of another somewhat less famous singing family, the DeBarge Family.

Days of delivery (narrative) Essay -- essays research papers

Pregnancy and childbirth are a part of nature. Delivering a child can be a beautiful experience. However, li precise can also be very painful and can last for days.My mom drove me to what would become my last visit to the doctors smear before giving birth to my daughter. Dr. Dermer observed me and then told me to be at the hospital around six thirty that evening. He advised me to eat a acceptable dinner before departing for the hospital. Dr. Dermer had decided to induce my labor, due to the fact that I was two weeks past my due date.I ate a good dinner and left to go to the hospital. I distinctly remember the feeling that I had in the pit of my stomach. I could not determine if the feeling was fear, anxiety, relief, or a combination of all of them.When I arrived at the hospital the first thing that I had to do was register. Registration only took a few legal proceeding because Dr. Dermer had already phoned the registration department and pre-registered me. I was now on my way to Labor and Delivery.As soon as I arrived in the labor and preservation department, I saw Brian, the father of my unborn child, and his best friend Chris. I was relieved to know that he had already arrived at the hospital. One of the nurses came over and escorted us to my room. She told me to undress and put my hospital gown on. After I put my gown on, I climbed into the bed. The nurse then proceeded to stick me with needles. She had to withdraw some derivation and start my IVs. She explained that the medicine in my IV bag was going to very slowly induce my labor overnight. The nurse also explained to me that this process was to prepare my frame for the following morning when my medication would be increased. A short while ulterior, I fell asleep.I was awakened the next morning by beeps from the IV machine. The beeps were caused from the nurse increasing the dosage of my medication. At this time, I had no idea of the day that I had out front of me.Around eleven that morning, I b egan to feel strike flutters deep inside my stomach. The flutters felt as if they were rising to the surface of my stomach. Once the flutters arrived at the surface, they then seemed to pull on the surface of my stomach. The pull was a very light pull and it ac... ...rmer stated at that time that if I had not dilated anymore by three that he would have to go ahead and accomplish a cesarean. At five minutes until three the nurse checked me once again. I had still only dilated four centimeters. She paged Dr. Dermer and he told her to go ahead and prepare for the cesarean. Dr. Dermer came in at five minutes after three and checked me one last time. I had dilated nine centimeters. Dr. Dermer said We wont be doing a cesarean today, she is going to have this baby. He told me to slide down to the bottom of the bed and put my feet in the stirrups. A minute later he said he could feel the babys head. Every one was telling me to push. I grasped the handles on the side of my bed tightly and I pushed with all of my might. My daughter was born at 336 p.m. Brian and I had already picked out her name. We named her Courtney Brooke.Nine years have passed since my unforgettable experience with childbirth. I love my daughter dearly and I willing always cherish the memories of my three-day delivery process but believe me when I say that I will not experience the excruciating pain of childbirth again.

Violence: The Art Of Destruction Essay -- essays research papers fc

In todays day and age, violence almost seems like a focusing of life. Aggression is the way to solve a problem, and the only way to make someone listen is to yell louder than them. Today is a day when it is alright to exhibition a cold blooded murder on television or in a film. People enjoy seeing autotoon characters (namely Japanamation) kill individually other and have graphic sex. emphasis is everywhere and is almost impossible to escape and eve more difficult to keep out of your life. However, in these propagation we must learn to live as part of society, and make meaningful contributions rather than just adding to the same heap of hate and aggression that animals argon disposed to and people should be above that stage in their life. People need to use reason to think out things before they say them and think even harder before they do some thing. Too many people do things in the heat of the mo custodyt. They hit their wives and children, shoot their classmates, give the finger to a car as it drives by, mind littlely watch murder and destruction on TV and in the theatres, and say things that they dont mean in the passion of the altercation. These behaviors be destructive and bring around even more hate and nothing ever gets accomplished. War never came without a price. Far too many men were killed who never got to see their families again, and we are still so caught up in ourselves that we dont see the suffering of the people around us. We get ill and angry and lash out with violence and hate because its all we populate. Although we were taught from the dawn of our existence that violence isnt the way to go, that doesnt make it the less natural way to go. It is so much more natural to just punch the loser who hurt your feelings instead of turning the other cheek and walk away and being the bigger person. Being the bigger person is always harder, because it means maintaining dignity and pride even though you didnt fight buttocks which is what society has come to expect from us. School ViolenceWhat seems to frighten me most lately is indoctrinate violence. I am almost afraid to come into school because some kid my get the wrong idea and do something that theyll regret. I feel that the school should be a safe place where one feels that they are safe and secure and not where they feel that their hall ways could become a battle ground any moment. These recent school shootings have likewise left me a... ..., its only a matter of time before that person allow for stand up for themselves in the only way that they know how to protect themselves, and that is with a gun.Stopping The ViolenceAs one can see, there are many different kinds of violence. So what does one do about it? This is simple. Just live and create. If you see destruction, create over it. If you see violence and hatred, mend it and manipulate it into love. Where there is barrenness, make something grow. Especially, where there is love, embrace it. Share it wit h as many people as you can. Violence can only persist if we let it. Lets have one more World War, the War against violence and hatred. or else of bombs we can use smiles and instead of guns we can use acceptance. The earth will be a battleground for God and the emblem on my shield will be Jesus. He started the battle, now lets finish the war.Works CitedThe Anatomy of Human Destructiveness Erich FrommAggression A Social Learning Analysis Albert BanduraBreaking the Cycle of Violence Richard J. Hazler, Ph.D.Violence in America Stephen GoodeReason and Violence - Sherman M. StanageBully/Victim Conflict An Overview for Educators Beverly B. Title, Ph.D.

Violence: The Art Of Destruction Essay -- essays research papers fc

In todays day and age, vehemence almost seems like a representation of life. Aggression is the way to solve a problem, and the only way to bushel some hotshot listen is to yell louder than them. Today is a day when it is all right to show a cold blooded murder on television or in a film. People enjoy seeing cartoon characters (namely Japanamation) assassinate each other and bind graphic sex. Violence is everywhere and is almost impossible to escape and even more difficult to keep out of your life. However, in these times we must learn to live as part of society, and make meaningful contributions rather than just adding to the same heap of hate and aggression that animals are prone to and people should be above that stage in their life. People need to use reason to cypher out things before they say them and think even harder before they do some thing. Too many another(prenominal) people do things in the heat of the moment. They hit their wives and children, shoot their class mates, give the finger to a car as it drives by, mindlessly watch murder and destruction on TV and in the theatres, and say things that they dont mean in the cacoethes of the altercation. These behaviors are destructive and bring about even more hate and nothing ever seizes accomplished. War never came without a price. Far too many men were killed who never got to see their families again, and we are still so caught up in ourselves that we dont see the suffering of the people around us. We get mad and angry and lash out with violence and hate because its all we know. Although we were taught from the dawn of our existence that violence isnt the way to go, that doesnt make it the less natural way to go. It is so much more natural to just punch the loser who hurt your feelings instead of turning the other archness and walking away and being the bigger person. Being the bigger person is always harder, because it means maintaining dignity and pride even though you didnt budge back wh ich is what society has enumerate to expect from us. School ViolenceWhat seems to frighten me most lately is school violence. I am almost afraid to come into school because some kid my get the wrong idea and do something that theyll regret. I feel that the school should be a safe place where one feels that they are safe and secure and not where they feel that their hall ways could become a battle ground any moment. These recent school shootings have also left me a... ..., its only a matter of time before that person will stand up for themselves in the only way that they know how to protect themselves, and that is with a gun.Stopping The ViolenceAs one can see, there are many different kinds of violence. So what does one do about it? This is simple. Just live and create. If you see destruction, create over it. If you see violence and hatred, mend it and manipulate it into love. Where there is barrenness, make something grow. Especially, where there is love, embrace it. allocate it with as many people as you can. Violence can only persist if we let it. Lets have one more World War, the War against violence and hatred. Instead of bombs we can use smiles and instead of guns we can use acceptance. The earth will be a battleground for God and the emblem on my safeguard will be Jesus. He started the battle, now lets finish the war.Works CitedThe Anatomy of Human Destructiveness Erich FrommAggression A Social Learning Analysis Albert BanduraBreaking the round of Violence Richard J. Hazler, Ph.D.Violence in America Stephen GoodeReason and Violence - Sherman M. StanageBully/Victim Conflict An Overview for Educators Beverly B. Title, Ph.D.

Going Against Nature with T.C. Boyle

Jessica Arroyo English 116 11 April 2012 Life is hard. There be both things we need to get through in biography. We need to understand that nature is a key player in life, and that it has a greater power over us than we do it. We flowerpot non overlook nature, nor can we impact what it has in store for us. If nature, such as the weather, decides in that respects going to be a thrust this weekend, salubrious the best we can do is prepare for it. If nature creates us in one mode, who are we to go against it and try to change our species? If nature decides its going to slam a commit into the earth, we are helpless in the matter.Going against nature, or even questioning its methods, has its consequences and the characters of the short stories written by T. C. Boyle seem to know this each(prenominal) too well. temperament is a greater power who demands great respect. It is not a choice in matter, but rather a forced way of life that we lay gobble up no means to alter, which B oyle convincingly conveys through his stories. In the story The Swift Passage of Animals, T. C. Boyle takes us on a big adventure (91) in which a new relationship is intended to flourish by a romantic weekend getaway.The nature of the male, Zach, is to impress the young recently divorced adult female, Ontario. Though they are already dating, he is still courting her in hopes to further impress her by taking her to hike the trails and cross-country ski and then sit at the bar at the lodge till it was time to go to stratum(84), by sharing the experiences with the greatest thing they have in common, their love for nature. Of course, there is more in it for Zach than just enjoying the beauty nature has, he intends on fulfilling the unspoken promise percolating beneath the simple monosyllable of her assentgoing to bed (84).Zach is using her love of nature to his fullest advantage. Nature is not something to be taken advantage of, as it is not something to be questioned or controlled. Z ach, being the dominate risk-taker (79) that he believes himself to be is ab out to get a whole new taste of what nature has to offer when take advantage of for personal gain. Though Zach claims that the main causal agent for their trip is to explore and enjoy their common interest of nature at the Big Timber Lodge it is just a cover for what he real has in mind, which is going to bed with Ontario. T. C.Boyles diction throughout the beginning of the story foreshadows this unspoken (84) intention of Zach by placing details such as the mild sexy scratch of her voice shot from his eardrums right to his crotch (80), and the reference of her sweater with the reindeer prancing across her breasts (81), he foreshadows the consequences of these provoking thoughts by directly following them with the dangers of the precipitate morose (80) road they were on. In showing his dominance and risk taking skills, Zach chooses not to prepare in case they get caught in a storm on the way to the Lod ge.He also presses nature even further by choosing to take the back road even though there was a overwinter storm watch out of the Southern Sierrasand he knew that it would be closed as soon as the send-off snow hit (74). All he could think about was getting there as fast as he could. He was al shipway in a hurry. Especially tonight. Especially with her (74). Zach experiences his first prick of worry (81) when he spots a sign that said Cars required with Chains (81). Perversely (95) nature enhances his worries by letting the snow winder the road with such intensity it was as if some cosmic hand had swept on ahead with a two-lane paintbrush (81). Despite the skidding of the tires and the snow plan of attack vanquish as if it wasnt going to stop till May (88), Ontario maintains full confidence in Zach. She wasnt staring out the windshield into the discolor fury of the headlights, but watching him as if they were cruising down the Coast Highway under a ripe delicate sun (83).But even with the confidence of his electromotive force mate, his risk taking skills, and attitude nature still manages to turn things around on him when the railcar skids into a boulder and lands itself in a glistening light ditch that undulated gracefully away from the hidden surface of the road (85). Zach is now completely alone in the nature with Ontario, which was where he really and truly wanted to be (85). However, it is now that all of his unpreparedness becomes apparent. He didnt have a shovel in the truckno shovel, and no drawstrings (86).No knife or hatchet, or anything to cut with (87). Nothing of any use to assist them in getting the tires up and out of the ditch. All of their feeble set outs merely gave the spring up wheels a moments purchase which just resulted in shoving the front end in deeper (88). Nature successfully clout nails this egotistical, risk taking, prideful, dominant male down to feel less a risk taker and more a fool, callow, rash, without foresig ht of calculation, the sort of blighted ndividual whose genetic infirmities get swallowed up in the food chain before he can reproduce and pass them on to vitiate the species (86). As nature pulls Zach further and further down, deepening his misery by torrential snow and all the worries that come with leaving your car out in the middle of the wilderness (such as if the yahoos come out and strip it (92) ) in an attempt to hike to the Big Timber Lodge which was still a long thirteen miles (93) away, Ontario is inordinately cheerful (91).But given how miserable Zach was (91) because of the crash, he was able to pull the optimistic outlook of Ontario down to his pessimistic level. By the end of their hike, Zach finds himself grouped into the unlucky and unprepared (95) people which nature tackles with full force. His trip was ruined, as well as his time with Ontario. When they finally reach the lodge, after being rescued from the cold by the man in the goggles(96) on a snowmobile (96), Ontario corrects Zachs request of a room to two rooms (98). In Dogology T. C.Boyle introduces us to Cynthia, or C. f. , Captial C, lowercase f (44) as she prefers to be called. She is a young woman who has finished grad school and attempting to challenge (35) the misconceptions people have about dogs. The existence views dogs as beneath them common, pedestrian, no more exotic than the housefly or the Norway rat (35). C. f. was obsessed with changing the worlds view of dogs despite the fact that the graduate committee rejected her thesis (35). Humans have domesticated dogs. This results in two types of dogs the wild and the domesticated.Cynthia challenges the methods of nature, by trying to change herself into a member of the pack. She committed herself to doing things as the pack would, made a point of wearing the same things unendingly for weeks on end in the expectation that her scent would invest them, and the scent of the pack too (40). She hoped to gain their confidence (40) by smelling like them, runnel with them reminding herself to always keep her head down and go quadrupedal whenever possible (35) this was how she was going to hear, smell and see as the dogs did (35).Nature did not intend for Cynthia to take on the life of the dog. She was born human, and yet what she was doing, or attempting to do, was nothing short of reordering her senses so that she could think like a dog and interpret the whole worldnot just the human worldas dogs did (35). Cynthia is exposed to the consequences of challenging nature by converting yourself to a different species of the world. Though married, Cynthia commits her days to accomplishing the rhythm of dogdom (40), ignoring the of necessity and the wants of her husband.She throws her neighborhood into an uproar (41) to the point where theyre going to have her committed (51). Her husband locked her out (50) of the house, leaving her to be with the dogs after a confrontation in which hed kicked her (49) out of the fru stration of her research(49) which he plainly saw as bullshit (49). He wanted her back home, back in the den, and that was his right (49), thus far Cynthia had other ambitions. Truly, she was accomplished being left alone(49) to enjoy the unalloyed sweetness in life where the sun blessed her proboscis as she lay streched out among the pack.However, to the average citizen it may seem all a bit too costly to sacrifice the lives we live and relationships we have all for an understanding of something so common (35). In Chicxulub we are faced with the worst scenario a parent can imagine a late night ring call, when we least expect it, stating there has been an accident (135) involving our own daughter, or in this story their daughter, Madeline Biehn of 1337 Laurel Drive (135).We are rushed through a flury of emotions spell paralleling the ruinous events of Tunguska (133) and Chicxulub (136), a meteor (133) and asteroid (136) that had impact with the Earth with such force that they w ere able to flatten seven hundred square miles of Siberian tone (133) and make at least seventy-five percent of all known species extinguished (136). The most recent of the two, Tunguska (133) was nearly a hundred years agone (133).No one was expecting it, as no one expects a phone call in the middle of the night saying your child has been in a car accident. It seems nature has an awful need to demonstrate its authority every now and again, reminding us that we, and all our works and worries and attachments, are so utterly inconsequential (139). The chances of these catastrophic events are rare they are about as likely as dying in an auto accident in the next ten months, however they are not unheard of. There is nothing we can do if one of these events were to take place in our lifetime.It doesnt matter if you spend your life preparing for such a catastrophic event, such as the most recent dooms day preparers, or you buy your daughter a Honda Civic, the safest thing on quadruplet wheels (134). If nature has a plan it will enact and follow through with its intentions. In fact the narrator clearly states his point. Youd better get down on your knees and pray to your gods because each year this big spinning globe we ride intersects the orbits of some twenty million asteroids (134). Sometimes, nature perversely (95) likes to hand out wake up calls.We find out after the slow striptease of death (142) as the sheet draws back (142) from the gurney where the supposed dead Madeline is to be, that their daughter is not in the hospital (143). Their daughter is exactly where she is supposed to be asleep in her room (143). It was a mistaken identity because Madeline loaned her ID to her second-best friend, Kristi Cherwin (143). The narrator of the story, race still with the euphoria realizes that this is not his daughter, and in fact not the Chicxulub of his lifetime.However he is left with a renewed perspective that the rock is coming, the new Chicxulub, hurtling throu gh the dark and the cold to remake our fate (144). So it is through the stories that we have a renewed sense that nature is much more than a companion in life. Much more than just the flowers, and trees we pass by as we are cruising down the Coast Highway under a ripe delicate sun (83), much more powerful than our tactics of prevention such as our Honda Civic (134), or our will to undue to the simplification of our domesticated house pets.Nature has created the ways that we live in today. We are merely the players on its game board, inconsequential (139), insignificant. Nature does not bend to our will, but rather, we will bend to its will. Otherwise, we will be subjected to the wrath and fury of mother-nature itself.Works Cited Boyle, T. C. Tooth and Claw. New York Viking, 2006. Blio. com. Blio. 2006. Web. 11 April. 2012.

Animal Farm by George Orwell Essay

Animal Farm is an allegorical novella by George Or healthy published in England on 17 August 1945. agree to Orwell, the disc reflects events leading up to and during the Stalin era in the radical the Second World fight. Orwell, a democratic socialist,1 was a critic of Joseph Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed totalism, especially after his experiences with the NKVD and the Spanish well-bred War.2 In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell descri go to bed Animal Farm as his novel contre Stalin.3 The original title was Animal Farm A Fairy Story, solely the subtitle was dropped by U.S. publishers for its 1946 publication and subsequently all precisely ane of the translations during Orwells lifetime omitted the addition.Other variations in the title include A caustic remark and A Contemporary Satire.3 Orwell suggested the title Union des rpubliques socialistes carnales for the French translation, which recalled the French chance on of the Soviet Union, Union des rpubliques social istes sovitiques, and which abbreviates to URSA, the Latin for hold up, a symbol of Russia.3Time magazine chose the book as one of the 100 exceed English-language novels (1923 to 2005)4 it too places at number 31 on the red-brick Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels. It won a Retrospective Hugo Award in 1996 and is also included in the Great Books of the Western World.The novel addresses non alone the corruption of the renewing by its leaders only also how wickedness, indifference, ignorance, greed and myopia corrupt the revolution. It portrays corrupt leadership as the flaw in revolution, rather than the act of revolution itself. It also shows how potential ignorance and indifference to problems within a revolution could allow horrors to happen if a smooth transition to a peoples government is not achieved.Plot summarysnowballs revolutionOld Major, the old hog on the Manor Farm, calls the animals on the farm for a meeting, where he comp ars the humans to parasites an d determineesthe animals a revolutionary song, Beasts of England. When Major dies two young pig beds, Snowball and nap, assume command and mo his dream into a philosophy. The animals revolt and drive the drunken and irresponsible Mr Jones from the farm, renaming it Animal Farm. They adopt heptad Commandments of Animal-ism, the most important of which is, All animals are equal.Snowball attempts to teach the animals reading and writing food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their personal health. short sleep takes the pups from the farm dogs and trains them privately. When Mr Jones tries to take the farm, the animals defeat him at what they call the Battle of the Cowshed. sleep and Snowball struggle for leadership. When Snowball announces his idea for a windmill, sleep has his dogs chase Snowball start and declares himself leader. piles rule short sleep enacts cha nges to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs, who go away run the farm. Using a young pig named Squealer as a mouthpiece, Napoleon announces that Snowball stole the idea for the windmill from him. The animals bleed harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. After a violent storm, the animals comment the windmill annihilated. Napoleon and Squealer change over the animals that Snowball destroyed the windmill, although the scorn of the neighbouring farmers suggests that the windmills walls were too thin.Once Snowball becomes a scapegoat, Napoleon begins cleansing the farm with his dogs, slaying animals he acc white plagues of consorting with Snowball. He and the pigs abuse their power, imposing more control trance reserving privileges for themselves and rewriting history, villainising Snowball and glorifying Napoleon. Squealer justifies every statement Napoleon makes, even the pigs alteration of the Seven Commandments of Animalism. No animal shall sleep in beds is changed to No animal shall sleep in beds with sheets when the pigs are discovered to pass been quiescency in the oldfarmhouse. No animal shall drink alcoholic drink is changed to No animal shall drink alcohol to excess when the pigs discover the farmers whiskey. Beasts of England is replaced by an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who appears to be adopting the lifestyle of a man. The animals, though cold, starving and overworked, remain convinced that they are better off than they were when under(a) Mr Jones. Squealer abuses the animals scurvy memories and invents numbers racket to show their improvement.Mr Frederick, one of the neighbouring farmers, swindles Napoleon by buying old wood with forged money, and then attacks the farm, using blasting powder to blow up the restored windmill. though the animals win the battle, they do so at great cost, as m any(prenominal), including Boxer, are wounded. Despite his injuries, Boxer continues working harder and harder, until he collapses while working on the windmill. Napoleon sends for a forefront to take Boxer to the veterinary surgeons, explaining that better caveat whoremonger be given there. gum benjamin the donkey, who could read as well as any pig,5 notices that the van belongs to Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler (a knacker), and attempts to mount a rescue but the animals attempts are futile. Squealer reports that the van was purchased by the hospital and the writing from the previous owner had not been repainted. He recounts a tale of Boxers death in the hands of the best medical care. Shortly after Boxers death, it is revealed that the pigs have purchased more whiskey. adult maleisationYears pass, and the pigs learn to walk upright, carry whips and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are reduced to a single phrase All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others. Napoleon holds a dinner company for the pigs and the humans of the area, who congratulate Napoleon on having the hardest-working but least fed animals in the country. Napoleon announces an alliance with the humans, against the labouring classes of both worlds. He abolishes practices and traditions related to the Revolution, and changes the name of the farm to The Manor Farm.The animals, overhearing the conversation, notice that the faces of thepigs have begun changing. During a poker match, an argument breaks out between Napoleon and Mr Pilkington when they both play the Ace of Spades, and the animals progress to that the faces of the pigs look like the faces of humans, and no one can tell the difference between them.AnimalismSeven Commandments redirects here. For the Noahide code, see Seven Laws of Noah.The seven laws listed by the Tosefta and the Talmud are71. inhibition of Idolatry2. Prohibition of Murder3. Prohibition of Theft4. Prohibition of Sexual immorality5. Prohibition of Blasphemy6. Prohibition of eating flesh taken from an anim al while it is still alive7. Establishment of courts of lawThe pigs Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Majors ideas into an actual philosophy, which they formally name Animalism. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer indulge in the vices of humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading). Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an allusion to the Soviet governments revising of history in order to exercise control of the peoples depressions about themselves and their society.6The original commandments are1. Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.2. Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.3. No animal shall wear clothes.4. No animal shall sleep in a bed.5. No animal shall drink alcohol.6. No animal shall kill any other animal.7. All animals are equal.Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear them of accusations of law-breaking (such as No animal shall drink alcohol having to excess appended to it and No animal shall sleep in a bed with with sheets added to it). The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded1. No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.2. No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.3. No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.Eventually these are replaced with the maxims, All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others, and Four legs good, two legs better as the pigs become more human. This is an ironic twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which were supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by sum the animals together against the humans, and by prevent animals from following the humans evil habits. by dint of the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political dogma can be off-key into malleable propaganda.7CharactersPigsOld Major An aged prize Middle White boar provides the inspirationthat discharges the Rebellion in the book. He is an allegory of Karl Marx and Vladimir Lenin, the founders of communism, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. His skull being put on revered public display also recalls Lenin, whose embalmed body was put on display.89Napoleon A large, rather fierce-looking Berkshire boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for acquire his own way,10 An allegory ofJoseph Stalin,8 Napoleon is the main villain of Animal Farm. In the first French version of Animal Farm, Napoleon is called Csar, the French form of Caesar,3 although another translation has him as Napolon.11Snowball Napoleons rival and original head of the farm after Jones overthrow. He is mainly base on Leon Trotsky,8 but also combines elements from Vladimir Lenin.9Squealer A small white fat porker who officiates as Napoleons right hand pig and minister of religion of propaganda, holding a position equivalent to that of Molotov.8Minimus A poetic pig who writes the second and third national ant hems of Animal Farm after the singing of Beasts of England is banned.The Piglets Hinted to be the children of Napoleon (albeit not explicitly stated) and are the first generation of animals actually subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.The young pigs Four pigs who complain about Napoleons takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed.Pinkeye A minor pig who is mentioned only once he is the pig that tastes Napoleons food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.HumansMr Jones The source owner of the farm, Jones is a very heavy drinker. The animals revolt against him after he drinks so much that he does not feed or take care of them.Mr Frederick The tough owner of Pinchfield, a well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly enters into an alliance with Napoleon, represents Germany.Mr Pilkington The easy-going but crafty owner of Foxwood, a neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds, represents Britain.Mr Whymper A man leased by Napoleon for the public relations of Animal Farm to human society, who is eventually used to procure luxuries like alcohol for the pigs.EquinesBoxer Boxer is a allegiant, kind, dedicated, and respectable horse, although rather dim-witted.Clover Boxers companion, constantly caring for him she also acts as a matriarch of sorts for the other horses and the other animals in general. molly Mollie is a self-centred, self-indulgent and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution.Benjamin Benjamin, a donkey, is one of the oldest animals. He has the worst temper, but is also one of the wisest animals on the farm, and is one of the few who can actually read. He is skeptical and bearish, his most-often-made statement being Life will go on as it has always gone on that is, badly.12Other animalsMuriel A wise old goat who is friends with all of the animals on the farm. She, like Benjamin and Snowball, is one of the few animals on the farm who can read.The Puppies Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, taken away from them by Napoleon at birth and reared by Napoleon to be his security force.Moses An old raven who occasionally visits the farm, regaling its denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called Sugarcandy Mountain, where he avers that all animals go when they diebut only if they work hard. He is interpreted as symbolising the Russian Orthodox Church, with Sugarcandy Mountain an allusion to Heaven for the animals.13The Sheep They show limited understanding of the situations but nonetheless blindly meet Napoleons ideals.The Hens The hens are among the first to rebel against Napoleon.The Cows Their milk is stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them, and is stirred into the pigs mash every day while the other animals are denied such luxuries.The Cat Never seen to carry out any work, the cat is absent for long periods, and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she purr ed so affectionately that is was impossible not to recall in her good intentions.14 She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually voted on both sides.14Glossary of TermsCoccidiosis a parasitic infection that causes bloody diarrhea and sudden death in animalsCommunism a theory or system of social organization based on theholding of all property in common, actual self-control being ascribed to the community as a whole or to the state in practice, communism is often a totalitarian system of government young man a fellow member of a political party a member of the Communist partyDisinter to exhume to unearth that which is buried trade union movement in Marxism, the class of workers, especially industrial wage earners, who do not possess capital or property and must sell their labor to outlastPropaganda information, ideas, or rumors disseminated to help or harm a person, group, mo vement, institution, nation, or other entityRegime a mode or system of rule or government such a system when in powerSocialism a theory or system of social organization that advocates vesting the ownership and control of the agency of production and distribution, of capital, land, and other assets in the community as a wholeTotalitarianism absolute control by the state or a presidential term branch of a highly centralized institutionTushes small, short tusks such as those belonging to a boar.Major ThemesThe Soviet Union under StalinismAnimal Farm is a satire of totalitarian governments in their many guises. But Orwell composed the book for a more specific purpose to serve as a cautionary tale about Stalinism. It was for this reason that he facedsuch difficulty in getting the book published by the time Animal Farm was ready to meet its readers, the Allies were cooperating with the Soviet Union. The allegorical characters of the novel represent specific historical figures and differ ent factions of Imperial Russian and Soviet society. These include Karl Marx (Major), Vladimir Lenin (Major), Leon Trotsky (Snowball), Joseph Stalin (Napoleon), Adolf Hitler (Frederick), the Allies (Pilkington), the peasants (Boxer), the elite (Mollie), and the church (Moses).The resemblance of some of the novels events to events in Soviet history is indubitable. For example, Snowballs and Napoleons power struggle is a direct allegory of Trotskys and Stalins. Fredericks trade agreement with Napoleon, and his subsequent breaking of the agreement, represents the Nazi-Soviet non-aggression pact that preceded World War II. The following Battle of the Windmill represents World War II itself.Despite his fairy-tale clarity in satirizing some historical events, Orwell is less specific about others. For example, the murders in Chapter VII conflate the Red Terror with the Great Purge. The executions themselves bear resemblance to both events, although their details connect them more to the M oscow Trials than to the Red Terror. Squealers subsequent announcementum that the executions have ended the Rebellion connects them to the period of the Red Terror, however. Orwell leaves some ambiguity in the identities of the Rebellion and the Battle of the Cowshed. These ambiguities help the reader focalise on the overall satire of Stalinism and the broader warning about the evils of totalitarian government.The Inevitability of TotalitarianismOrwell held the pessimistic belief that totalitarianism was inevitable, even in the West. According to Russell Baker, who wrote the preface to Animal Farms 1996 Signet Classics version, Orwells pessimism stemmed from his having grown up in an age of dictatorship. Witnessing Hitlers and Stalins movements from afar, as well as fighting totalitarianism in the Spanish Civil War, Orwell came to believe in the rise of a new species of despot, worse even than the tyrants of old. This cynicism is reflected inboth of his highly successful novels, A nimal Farm and 1984. Orwell emphasizes the insidiousness of totalitarianism early in the novel, when the pigs take the fresh milk and apples.The pigs justify their actions on the basis of their superiority they are unfermented and need more nutrition than the other animals to fuel their brainpower. There is no scientific basis for the pigs claimin fact, if anyone needs more food to fuel their labor, it is the manual laborersbut they can count on the animals being too ignorant to realize that. In this way, Orwell makes the point that totalitarianism need not be blatant in order to be operating. It can hide under the guise of the greater good as it did in the Soviet Union before the totalitarianism became obvious.Orwell uses a cyclical structure in Animal Farm, which helps advance the idea of totalitarianisms predictability. The novel begins with Jones as autocratic tyrant and ends with Napoleon not only in Joness position, but in his clothes as well. Over the course of the novel, Na poleon essentially becomes Jones just as Stalin becomes an autocrat after pretending to espouse equality and freedom. Orwell cements this idea in the books final scene, where he writes, Twelve voices were shouting in anger, and they were all alike. No question, now, what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The creatures outside looked from pig to man, and from man to pig, and from pig to man again but already it was impossible to say which was which (139). The circularity of Orwells story prevents the reader from imagining a better future for Animal Farm. After all, even if another Rebellion were to take place, its leaders would eventually come to emulate Napoleon.According to Baker, technology turned out to be the force freeing people from Orwells age of dictators. But technology can be just another banner under which to rally the people. While Orwell does portray technology as a source of progress in Animal Farm, he points out that it is useless unless it is in the peoples hand s. Most notably, even when the windmill is finished it is used for milling corn instead of its original purpose of supplying the animals with electricity in their stalls. experience and Education as Tools of OppressionFrom the very beginning of the novel, we become aware of educations role in stratifying Animal Farms population. succeeding(a) Majors death, the pigs are the ones that take on the task of organizing and mobilizing the other animals because they are generally recognized as being the cleverest of the animals (35). At first, the pigs are loyal to their fellow animals and to the revolutionary cause. They translate Majors vision of the future faithfully into the Seven Commandments of Animalism. However, it is not long before the pigs intelligence and education turn from tools of enlightenment to implements of oppression. The moment the pigs are faced with something material that they wantthe fresh milkthey abandon their morals and use their superior intellect and knowledge to deceive the other animals.The pigs also limit the other animals opportunities to gain intelligence and education early on. They teach themselves to read and write from a childrens book but destroy it before the other animals can have the same chance. Indeed, most of the animals never learn more than a few letters of the alphabet. Once the pigs cement their status as the educated elite, they use their mental advantage to manipulate the other animals. For example, knowing that the other animals cannot read the Seven Commandments, they revise them whenever they like.The pigs also use their literacy to learn trades from manuals, giving them an opportunity for economic specialization and advancement. Content in the role of the intelligentsia, the pigs forgo manual labor in favor of bookkeeping and organizing. This shows that the pigs have not only the advantage of opportunity, but also the opportunity to reject whatever opportunities they like. The pigs intelligence and education al low them to bring the other animals into submission through the use of propaganda and revisionism. At the books end, we witness Napoleons preparations to educate a new generation of pigs and indoctrinate them into the code of oppression.Propaganda and Duplicityworks as a propagandist during World War II, Orwell experienced firsthand both the immense power and the dishonesty of propaganda. Manytypes of governments make use of propaganda, not only totalitarian ones. Consider, for instance, the arguments that led many United States citizens to go along with the idea of invading Iraq after the September 11, 2001, terror attacks. Propaganda serves the positive task of uniting the people, sometimes at the cost of misleading them. Orwell takes a firm stance on the harmfulness of propaganda in Animal Farm while acknowledging its value for exchange a mistreated and dis fallacyed populace.In Chapter IX, Orwell demonstrates the positive value of propaganda. By this point, the animals are so downtrodden that they are desperate for something in which to believe. (Note the irony, though it is Napoleon who has robbed them of their belief in the original version of Animalism.) The falsely optimistic statistics, the songs, and especially the Spontaneous Demonstrations give the animals something to live for. This chapter is an exception in terms of portraying propaganda in a positive light. For the majority ofAnimal Farm, Orwell skewers propaganda and exposes its nature as deception.Squealer represents a totalitarian governments propaganda machine. Eloquent to a fault, he can make the animals believe almost anything. This fact is especially clear in Squealers interactions with Clover and Muriel. Each time Clover suspects that the Seven Commandments have been changed, Squealer manages to convince her that she is wrong. After the executions, Napoleon abolishes the singing of Beasts of England in favor of a new anthem, the lyrics of which contain a promise never to harm Animal Farm. In this propagandist manoeuvre, Napoleon replaces the revolutionary spirit of Beasts of England with the exact opposite, a promise not to rebel.In addition to being a source of manipulation, propaganda is an agent of fear and terror. Orwell demonstrates this quite clearly with Napoleons vilification of Snowball and his assurances that Snowball could attack the animals at any minute. He uses similar fear tactics regarding Frederick and Pilkington. The most flagrant example of propaganda in the novel is the maxim that replaces the Seven Commandments All animals are equal / But some animals are more equal than others. The idea of more equal is mathematically improbable and a nonsensical manipulation of language, but bythis time, the animals are too brainwashed to notice.Violence and Terror as intend of ControlIn Animal Farm, Orwell criticizes the ways that dictators use violence and terror to frighten their populaces into submission. Violence is one of the yokes from which the animals wish to free themselves when they prepare for the Rebellion. Not only does Jones overwork the animals and steal the products of their labor, but he can whip or slaughter them at his discretion. Once the pigs gain control of the animals, they, like Jones, discover how reusable violence and terror can be. They use this knowledge to their full advantage. The foremost example of violence and terror in the novel is the pattern of public executions. The executions can be said to represent both the Red Terror and the Great Purge, but they stand more broadly for the abuse of power. For example, they are also similar to the Talibans public executions in Kabuls soccer stadium in modern Afghanistan.Capital punishment for criminals is a hotly debated issue. Killing hazard criminals, as Napoleon does, is quite another issue. The executions perhaps best symbolize the Moscow Trials, which were show trials that Stalin arranged to instill fear in the Soviet people. To witnesses at the time , the accused traitors confessions seemed to be given freely. In fact, they were coerced. Napoleon likely coerces confessions from many of the animals that he executes. Orwells use of the allegory genre serves him well in the execution scene. Execution with weapons is a violent and horrifying act, but many people have become desensitized to it. Orwells allegorical executioners, the dogs that kill cruelly, portray the bloody and unavoidably animalistic side of execution.Terror comes also in threats and propaganda. Each time the animals dare to question an aspect of Napoleons regime, Squealer threatens them with Joness return. This is doubly threatening to the animals because it would mean another battle that, if lost, would result in a return to their former lifestyle of submission. Joness return is such a in effect(p) threat that it quashes the animals curiosity without fail. The other major example of feartactics in the novel is the threat of Snowball and his collaborators.Napol eon is able to vilify Snowball in the latters absence and to make the animals believe that his return, like Joness, is imminent. Snowball is a worse threat than Jones, because Jones is at least safely out of Animal Farm. Snowball is proved to be not only lurking along Animal Farms borders but infiltrating the farm. Napoleons public investigation of Snowballs whereabouts cements the animals fear of Snowballs influence. In modern language, Snowball is pegged as the terrorist responsible for the infringements on the rights and liberties instigated by the pigs.Exploitation and the Need for Human RightsExploitation is the issue around which the animals unite. Initially, the animals do not realize Jones is exploiting them. For this reason, Old Majors speech is a revelation of momentous proportions. Major explains to the animals that they are enslaved and exploited and that Man is to blame. He teaches them not only what exploitation means, but also the fact that it is not inevitable. Orwel l suggests that exploitation is, in fact, bound to happen when one class of society has an advantage over another. The opposite of exploitation, according to Major, is the state of being rich and free. Majors ideas about animal rights symbolize the grandeurand scarcityof human rights in an oppressive regime. Gaining freedom does not necessarily lead people also to become rich, but it is better to be poor and free than poor and exploited.All the animals on Animal Farm are exploited under Napoleons control, save the pigs. Even the dogs, which work almost with the pigs, are exploited. The dogs face perhaps even a worse form of exploitation than the other animals, because they are made into agents of intimidation and death. Whereas Napoleon exploits the other animals material strength and their ignorance, he exploits the dogs viciousness and turns them into villains against their parents wishes.Boxers life is a particularly sad example of exploitation because he exploits himself, bel ieving wholeheartedly in Napoleons goodness. In theend, Napoleon turns the tables and exploits Boxer, having him slaughtered for mesh. By the end of the novel, we see clearly how the animals participate in their own exploitation. They are beginning to build a schoolhouse for the thirty-one young pigs Napoleon has fathered (perhaps an oblique reference to the Thirty Tyrants of ancient Greece).That schoolhouse will never benefit the animals that build it rather, it will be used to educate the pigs and indoctrinate them into the cycle of exploiting others. Throughout the novel, Orwell shows us how the lack of human rights results in total helplessness. However, though it underscores the need for human rights, the novel does not suggest how to achieve them. After all, once the animals expel Jones and gain rights for themselves, the pigs take those rights away and the cycle of exploitation continues with new players.Apathy and AcceptanceIn the beginning of Animal Farm, the idea of freed om rouses the animals as if from a long slumber. Immediately following Majors death, the animals begin preparing themselves for the Rebellion just the idea of revolution is enough to motivate them, since they do not expect it to happen in their lifetimes. By the books end, the animals have become as apathetic as Benjamin always was. Despite the many hardships and injustices they face, the animals pride as well as Napoleons propaganda keep them invested in the greater good and the illusion of freedom.If Benjamin is the harbinger of emotionlessness, Boxer is its antithesis. Strong not only in body but also in spirit, Boxer will make any sacrifice for the benefit of Animal Farm. With Boxers eventual betrayal by the leaders he served so unconditionally, Orwell lays bare another type of apathytheirs. Far from truly considering Boxer a loyal comrade, the pigs treat him as apathetically as they would a mere object. Symbolically, they even make a profit by having him turned into literal ob jectsglue and bone meal.Boxers enthusiasm does not give him an advantage, but the other animals eventual apathy gives them a defense mechanism against the painful reality of their lives. It is no coincidence that Animal Farms most apathetic and cynical animal, Benjamin, is one of those that survives thelongest. Benjamins emotional detachment from situations, whether they are good or bad, keeps him from being disappointed. In his apathy and cynicism, Benjamin represents the stereotypical gloomy Russian and also the perennially pessimistic Orwell himself.Summary and analysis of Chapter IMr. Jones, the owner of Manor Farm, stumbles drunkenly up to bed as the farm animals wait in still silence. The moment he is out of sight, they begin to bustle around, preparing themselves for the big meeting that is to take place that night. Old Major has called the meeting to discuss a strange dream he had the previous night. He is waiting for his fellow animals in the big barn.

Detergent Powder

Introduction Detergent is a material intended to assist cleaning. The term is sometimes hired to differentiate in the midst of slime and otherwise sur accompanimentants used for cleaning. The term detersive by itself is sometimes used to refer specifically to clothing detersive, as opposed to progress soap or other types of cleaning agents. Bangladesh has a detergent merchandise of or so 8. 8 billion taka of which Unilever occupies a share of 48% making it the market leader. The major opponent daubs in the detergent market for RIN are Keya, Chaka and Jet, Surf Excel.To fight this steep competitor the above mentioned companies constantly run consumer progress in hope to shift more than the respective competitors. Although this strategy worked well at first plainly with the passage of time, the intense consumer promotions have done little to prevent Unilever from loosing shares to its competitors. In 2004, undulate (which is now RIN), Unilevers largest detergent instiga nt ran about nine consumer promotions where as in 2005 it ran no consumer promotions at all. Consumer promotion over all is a actually expensive affair.Unilever has the largest imperfections of detergent and so the cost of providing a consumer promotion offers is in addition large by the same proportion. Besides the competitor provokers are known to take aim in some unfair practices. They pay a very low wage rate to their labors so overhead costs are low, they under bill their imported raw materials so that they rout out evade import taxes and other duties, so they save a lot of money in the process. They canful hence utilize this money for consumer promotion and other competitive activities that can earn them a higher share of the market.Therefore it is imperative that consumer promotions and other dependant elements have to be studied, to make sure that if a consumer promotion activity is implemented it is a highly effective one. This way, precious monetary resources have the borderline chances of universe wasted. To find out the competition in the detergent market better price perceptions and product whole step perceptions about the punctuates of detergent on promotion are as well as considered being worth studying. To look at market share issues, the brand trustworthyty element should also be explored. 1. 1 Brief Overview about the Detergent MarketThe use of washing powder started rising from late nineties after Unilever Bangladesh entered the market with its bicycle brand washing powder. Local brand Jet was the lone player in the washing power segment prior to Unilevers entry. Wheel Washing Powder (WWP) was launched in August of 1997 by leveraging the equity of the Wheel laundry soap. Wheel laundry soap was considered the best soap and stood for quality and care. The brand was initially launched and replaced the NSD powder brands of Unilever. WWP was launched with two stock keeping units (SKUs), 500g and 1 KG and achieved a flock of 2,28 0 tons in 5 months.Despite a price addition from beginning of the following year the brand showed a strong issue achieving the total yearly volume of 12,700 tons a third SKU of 40g was added to the brand during the year. 1999 a second price increase was interpreted for the larger two SKUs but the brand move to show good growth, ending the year with a volume of 22,800 tons. A major re-launch was rolled out in beginning of 2000 for the brand, during the re-launch the packaging was largely improved, the inwardness was also improved and the proposition changed from lemon to Powerons.The innovation was a response to the launch of the competition Aromatic Washing powder. Prior to the re-launch, the competition was aggressively blockade with continuous promotion behind the brand. After the re-launch the brand grew and countered the competition in 2000, achieving a volume of 29,500 tons. In order to get an even faster growth in 2001 vs. 2000 the brand was aggressively promoted- which yielded in a growth of 43% ending the year with a volume of 42,200 tons. With the explosive growth of WWP in 2001, it attracted competition interchangeable Chaka and Keya, both of which entered the segment in beginning 2002.In order to contain competition and continue the growth of 2001, WWP chief(prenominal)tained the high degree of promotions (free volume promotions) it failed to turn in either considerable growth as expected, however the volume gross sales increased to 46,500 tons. During the year WWP was re-staged with the ingredients changing from Powerons to Powerfoam. In 2003, WWP promotions were predominately cross-brand promos, with the cost born by the other brand. This offspringed in good growth for WWP in 2003, ending the year with 48,000 tons.During the period of 2002 onward, the brand has been losing shares to competition and in order to differentiate the brand further a relaunch was planned in 2004 Q1. The RL involved incorporation of coloured granules to the po wder and increase in incorporation of perfume by 25%. However on that point was no change in the formulation of the powder. Post the re-launch the share decline has non stopped, despite heavy support behind the brand. Unilever is now the leader in the market controlling half of the total washing powder market, the size of which was nearly Tk 450 crore in 2007, up from about Tk 360 a year ago. 1. 2 Market trendsTodays consumer-oriented marketplace is characterized by a countless spell of products and brands. Globalization causes increased competition, national borders disappear, consumers demand more and more, and the pressure on producers to efficiently and effectively outlast up to consumers expectations keeps increasing. For companies to survive these difficult circumstances and to secure their growth and market share figures, proper marketing techniques are of ut close importance. Besides printed and non-printed advert techniques (such as TV and radio commercials, public rel ations and sponsorships), sales promotions try to attract consumers.Sales promotions can take some different forms and a distinction can be made between price and non-price sales promotions. 1. 3 Background Sales promotions have been studied very extensively over the past decades. The seek findings from Blattberg, Briesch and Fox (1995) provide a perfect base to a short overview of promotional topics and generalizations regarding sales promotions. Nine generalizations regarding sales promotions are made that summarize sales promotion literature so far Price promotions significantly increase sales Brands with higher market share are less deal compromising Consumers fibre prices are influenced by the frequency of deals The more often a promotion occurs the lower is the respective sales increase Cross-promotional effects are noninterchangeable The pass-through rate of retailers to consumers is less than 100% Support promotions like displays and advertising that accompany a p rice promotion have a great impact on sales Advertised promotion can increase store traffic publicitys affect sales in complementary and competitive categories (Blattberg, Briesch Fox, 1995) Statement of the ProblemThere are many companies that are operating to serve the detergent markets as a result the competition has heightened. Consumer promotions are being heavily used in the detergent markets to increase sales of each available brand. Consumer promotions, when implemented use up a lot monetary resources. Failure to implement the consumer promotion activity effectively whitethorn result in major loss of money. Purpose of the Study The purpose of this look into is to explore the relationship between consumer promotions, price perceptions with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. LimitationsThere are vast amounts of information and write-ups relating to the topics of this research that are present in the internet and various oth er sources, but it were not possible to gain access to many such information. So missing out some important aspect of the discussed topics can be a possibility. There is a major time constraint in doing the research work and preparing the report, a much larger pool of information could have been dealt with if there was more time to analyze them. A minimal sample size will be used for this research if a larger sample was taken into consideration the research would have been more accurate.The survey will be conducted in Dhaka city which could be a possible reason for the heaps mind set to be similar and survey results not being very different from each other, the results could be different if people from away metropolitan cities were brought under consideration. Literature Review Consumer Promotion Consumer promotion is thought to be a tool that helps manufacturers and retailers to achieve their objectives of generating sales (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). Consumer promotion (e. g. oupons, samples, contests, sweepstakes, and price packs) is a part of sales promotion that is targeted towards the final buyers of consumer products (Kotler and Armstrong, 2002). There can be various types of consumer sales promotion some are incentive based duration others are communicative in nature (Kotler et al. , 1999 Tellis, 1998). The incentive based promotions can be price oriented promotion or non price-oriented promotion. According to Britannica (article 21279) advertising presents a reason to buy a product but consumer promotion offers a short-term incentive to purchase.Consumer promotions often attract brand switchers (those who are not loyal to a specific brand) who are looking primarily for low price and good value. Abraham and Lodish (1987) stated that many consumer goods categories sold 90% of their volume on especial(a) deals which is a result of consumer promotion. They also stated that the influence of sales promotions on the consumer will also depend on the con sumers characteristics. Promotions Price PromotionNon-price Promotion Promotion Packs Sampling POS Advertising Loyalty Discount Premiums DisplaysCoupons Sweeptakes Promotion Packaging Rebates Events Others From Sales Promotion by Gedenk K. Neilson, Page- 34. Consumer benefits of sales promotions Benefits of sales promotions to consumers are numerous. Chandon, Wansink and Laurent (2000) for example distinguish sixer different types of consumer benefits regarding sales promotions monetary savings, quality, convenience, value expression, exploration and entertainment. The first and most obvious benefit a consumer might encounter from a sales promotion is the monetary saving they provide.Second, consumers consider normally unaffordable products now to be in their choice set and therefore encounter the quality benefit. The convenience benefit, thirdly, is achieved by cut back search and decision efforts since sales promotions promotional status is advertised. Fourth, sales promotions c an enhance consumers self-perception of being smart or good shoppers and provide an opportunity to affirm their personal values (Chandon, Wansink & Laurent, 2000) which is translated into the value expression benefit.The exploration benefit is achieved by the ever-changing shopping environment that provides stimulation for consumers information need. Last but not least, the sixth benefit consumers might encounter from sales promotions is the entertainment benefit. Sales promotions are often simply fun to see or to participate in (Chandon et al. ). Interesting to see is that consumers experience (either conscious or unconscious) more benefits from sales promotions than are often thought of. Price Perceptions According to Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) price perception is about how customers see a products price, as high, low or fair.They also stated that perception of price unfairness affect consumers perceptions of value and finally their willingness to buy a product. According to Moo re et al. (2003) years of research concerned with price show both positive and negative perceptions serve as marketplace cues. some(prenominal) studies have also portrayed the role of price perceptions as an attribute to success (Jiang and Rosenbloom, 2004). When the price perceptions are high this is a sign of positive quality, prestige and status (Moore et al. , 2003). The concept of reference price is related to price perceptions.Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated that reference price is the price the consumers use as a basis for compare in judging another price. It is through reference price that the price perception of a brand of product is formed. When the consumer plans to buy a product, he or she will judge prices comparatively with the reference prices in order to determine whether the price is acceptable or not (Alvarez and Casielles, 2004). They also stated that, a result of consumers comparison between the prices and the reference price, potential losses and gains emerg e.The consumer perceives a gain when the reference price is higher than the observed price. If the observed price is higher than the reference price, the consumer experiences a loss. Product Quality Perceptions Product quality perceptions represent consumer judgment about the superiority of a product, which the user-based approaches think is essential in describing quality (Forker et al. , 1996). Bundles of attributes unitedly represent a certain level of quality, which therefore provide utility to the customer (Snoj et al. 2004). The benefits are measured through a perceived level of quality (level of working superiority), a bundle of attributes in comparison with the consumers expectations. Schiffman and Kanuk (2004) stated consumers often judge the quality of a product on the basis of a variety of informational cues that they associate with the product. They also stated that the cues can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Intrinsic cues are related to the physical characteristics of the product itself, like size, colour, flavour, aroma etc.The extrinsic cues on the other hand are related to elements that are put together with the actual product like packaging, pricing, advertising etc. The perceived quality of products and services is central to the theory that strong brands add value to consumers purchase evaluations (Low and Lamb, 2000). Brand Loyalty Brand loyalty is the ultimate craved outcome of consumer learning (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2004). According to Rawly and Dawes (1999) brand loyalty is the likelihood of positive attitudes and behaviors of consumers towards a particular brand, this could amount to repeat purchase and positive word of mouth.They also stated that a loyal customer base is an asset for a company and it reduces the need for seeking new customers. It is also a known fact that retaining current customers requires less money and effort than getting new ones. The strongest measure of brand value is the loyalty a company produces among c ustomers (Aaker, 1996). Rowley and Dawes (1999) stated that to understand brand loyalty better the following fates of attitude model should be considered 1. Cognitive component associated with a rational decision making based on informational determinants. 2.Affective component associated with emotions and feelings about the product or service. 3. Co native components associated with a behavioral disposition. interrogation Questions The following questions have to be addressed for the study 1. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 2. Is there any significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh? 3. Is there any significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? . Is there any significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the deterge nt market of Bangladesh? 5. Is there any significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh? conjecture The hypothesis that can be derived from the research questions are 1. There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 2. There is significant relationship between price perception and product quality perception in the detergent market of Bangladesh. . There is significant relationship between consumer promotion and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 4. There is significant relationship between price perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. 5. There is significant relationship between product quality perception and brand loyalty in the detergent market of Bangladesh. Development of Conceptual Framework * Consumer Promotion * Price perception Product Quality Perception Figure 1 Conceptual Fra mework of research unsettleds * Consumer Promotion * Price Perception Product Quality Perception Brand Loyalty Figure 2 Conceptual Framework of research variables Methodology Research design The illustrations of the conceptual framework Figure 1 and 2 above give a visual idea of the relationship and structure that exists among the study variables. The main purpose of the research is to assess the existing correlation among the variables. This research is about exploring and understanding the relationship that exists between consumer promotion, price perception with product quality perceptions and brand loyalty in the detergent market.Here in the figure 1the independent variables are assigned to be consumer promotions and price perceptions. The dependant variable on the other hand is product quality perception. In the second figure 2 the independent variables are consumer promotions, price perceptions and product quality perceptions, in this case the dependant variable is brand loya lty. So the researcher is attempting to find out, if any changes in the independent variable have a changing effect on the dependant ones as well, thereby proving that a relationship exists.The researcher also tried to find out the degree to which a change in the dependant variables has an impact on the independent ones, in other words the degree of relation is also explored here. Therefore the correlation study was chosen for this research. Sampling method The required entropy for this research was collected from the regular customers of detergents. There was no particular sample frame available for this research so convenience sampling was used, as it is also the cheapest and the easiest methods of sampling.The sample frame for this research consisted of shoppers (mainly house wives) at different shopping centers and stores etc, and also the parents of school children were included. In the shopping centers the researcher surveyed the people who seemed to be the most appropriate r espondent for this large-hearted of survey. The parents of kindergarten students, who spend time waiting for their kids outside the schools, were also surveyed, because they usually have a lot of time to spare and can give valuable inputs. Due to time constraints the survey was conducted in Dhaka city only. Over all there were about a 240 people who participated in the survey.Survey instrument A structured questionnaire was used to collect entropy. The questionnaire consists of different parts to gather information on the different variables under considerations. With questionnaires, no responses of the respondents can be missed out. It gives more time to the respondents to think and then give the answers. And it is a quicker and cheaper way to conduct the survey. Questionnaires can be conducted in any environment, with minimum influence of the outside environment. Questionnaires also have the advantage of keeping the personal details of the respondents confidential.MULTIPLE CHOIC E QUESTIONS In which respondents have to choose one answer from many options. These questions gives a wide choice to the respondents so that they can give the most accurate and reliable answer. LIKERT SCALE Where the respondents are provided with a scale that has a number or brief description associated with each category. This scale is useful as respondents readily understand how to use the scale, making it suitable for almost all kind of surveys. Data Collection The data collection was done through both primary and secondary sources.The primary data was collected through questionnaire surveys and the secondary data was collected from the available archives of Unilever Bangladesh Ltd, for addressing the research questions. Data Analysis This is a study of relationship of various variables. So after the data collection a correlation analysis was performed using the acquired data, to ascertain if relationship between the variables exist or not. For doing the data analysis SPSS 12 was used, because it is a very systematic computer program that can deal with a large amount of data and can give out accurate results.

Customer Needs and Preferences Essay

DEMONSTRATE THE ABILITY TO PROVIDE INSPIRATIONAL, AUTHENTIC AND PERSONALIZED CUSTOMER SERVICE / IDENTIFYING CUSTOMERS call forEvery customer has different needs and wants when they step into the store. As every customer has different preferences, it is essential to personalize the experiences for different customers. To find out what the customers argon flavouring for, we need to ask TED questions. Through the answers the customers give, we allow for have better insights and understanding about what they are looking for.PROVIDING INFORMATION ON PRODUCTS / EDUCATING CUSTOMERSFragrances As consequential as sales is, educating the customers is equally crucial. What makes Jo Malones colognes so unique is that it is light so it fag end be layered. They are good on its own scarce when layered, you will get truly individual effects. Therefore, customers can come up with their own bespoke scents. Candles and diffusers For every customer that buys the candles and diffusers, our job is t o teach them how to use the products. For candles, the customers can only burn for up to four hours and then extinguish it and after burning, the wick of the candle must be trimmed to prevent the candle from tunneling. aid IN DAILY RETAIL OPERATIONCo-ordinate and check mathematical product on displayExcept for the testers, the products on display are non dis contend pieces unless actual selling stocks. In Jo Malone London ION Orchard, it often gets busy and customers are always rushing in this fast-paced city so we often do non take the stocks from the cabinets and just sell the products on display instead. During our free time, we will replenish the merchandise on display. By doing so, it would also minimize foreign theft as we would be able to immediately realize that the product is missing and then report to our superiors and request for them to check the surveillance cameras. By organize and checking the merchandise on display, we will also have better insights on approxima tely how much of each product needs to be reordered.Handle exchanges of merchandiseA lot of the customers that comes to Jo Malone London are customers that are looking for gifts for their family, friends or loved ones. They often do not know what to buy and often barter for the options between our recommendations. To successfully close these deals and not let our potential customers slip out of our hands, we would persuade them to buy by letting them know that we will recognize them a sales memo so that the receiver may bring the unused products to exchange for something they like should they not like the gift.DISPLAY PROFESSIONAL foresee AND ETIQUETTEIn Jo Malone London, we are required to wear our uniforms, wear formal footwear and put on our aprons and name tags once we are on the sales floor. planning is of great importance as it will not only portray our professionalism, our customers will also place their trust in our recommendations when they see how well-dressed we are. What we say to them will seem more professional and convincible to them too. Other than attire-wise, makeup is also required as it would add colors to our face making us look more refreshed and it will also positively affect the perception people has on us.PERFORM DAILY HOUSEKEEPINGAs our store is an free-spoken layout store with no automatic doors that opens and closes when a customer walks in and out, there is a lot of dust in the store. What adds to the this-this issue is that we have many spotlights in the store which makes the dust a lot more visible. Therefore, it is essential that we wipe the shelves and the tables every morning. On Sunday mornings, we would wipe all products, shelves, and tables. I do not wipe the shelves and tables, it would make our store look dusty, deserted and unsanitary.2.2 GOOD OR BAD MOMENTS EXPERIENCEDGOOD Seeing the reactions of my customers when I tell them that I am merely an intern. After a few days of the internship, I feel more confident with the amount of knowledge I have which really played a huge part in my ability to persuade customers to purchase.BAD During our orientation, we were thought to ask TED questions. And then further suggest scents or products to customers based on our insights. But there often are customers that ask what the best sellers are when they step foot in. What makes this situation tricky is the customers because what may be the bestseller may not be what they like. May I know what kind of scents you like, miss? Because what may be the bestseller may not be what you would like would earn me some glares and aggravated customers that would stomp off. I often encounter such customers and as much as I want to stay unaffected, I really am.

Identifying ethical theories Essay

Ethical way is that behavior which is virtuously right and also that behavior which throng accept as legal behavior, traditionally philosophers came up with theories that help define and determine morally right behavior some of the traditional ethical theories embarrass the virtue speculation, the Kantian theory, the Deontological theory and the Utilitarianism theory, this theories depict morally right behavior and this paper discusses each theory regarding its relevance to the real world and also how these theories burn down be used to act problems.Ethical theories The Virtue Theory This theory focuses on the defined rules and laws that govern behavior, this theory lay emphasis on the processes of erudition these rules and through this an individual will develop good behavior, individuals will register through moral education which is acquired when an individuals still young.This theory is one of the oldest normative theories and evict be dated back to the work of Plato w ho emphasized the four virtues which include courage, resentmentance, wisdom and justice, Plato also identified other fundamental virtues that include generosity, good temper self respect and sincerity, this theory march on emphasis on discouraging uncollectible behavior such as injustice, insensitivity, cowardice and vanity.The virtue theory outline human behavior guidance regarding proper behavior, it accounts for moral good behavior for example people will learn from religious teachings the guidance of good behavior, the Christians learn from the Bible that one should not kill, one should not steal, you should not steal and many other teachings, this teachings be learnt when one is still young as utter by the virtue theory.This theory may be used to solve problems in the workplace in that it gives guidelines to what can be termed as good behavior and bad behavior, for example when one is locutiond with a attitude which requires that you give false statement in the workpl ace, then this guidelines from the virtue theory depict that you should not lie or give false statements because lies are shortlived while the truth will last for ever.Kantian theoryThis theory was developed by Kant Immanuel, this theory states that if an transactionion is inconsistent with a someones status which is to be free and rational then the action is morally wrong, also he utter that an action that further the status of an individual in terms of his or her status of being free and rational then the action is morally right. Therefore according to the Kantian ethical theory an action that promotes an individuals freedom and rationality is morally right and that which tends to deteriorate or undermine his freedom and rationality is morally wrong.This theory moreover does not demonstrate what guides moral behavior in our lives today, to some extent this theory guides moral behavior while to large extend it does have a basis of guiding behavior, for example individuals are r ational and have the freedom in order to be morally right, a person will act according to his needs and be rational in all that his does which may result to immoral behavior.This theory however can be used to solve problems in workplaces or in the individual level when faced with certain situations, the individual for example may be faced by a situation whereby he is has financial problems an at the same time he is entrusted with an organizations money, for him to be rational he has to be rational and this theory depicts that he must be rational and also have freedom, thereof the individual will embezzle this funds according to this theory while in the real world this is morally wrong.Deontological theory This theory depict that individuals have a duty to refrain from actions that this duty will be determined by the constitution of the action itself, therefore individuals should perform their duties regardless of the consequences, individuals have a duty to refrain from bad behavi or and the bad behavior will be determined by the nature of the action.This theory depict real life situations whereby individuals will refrain from bad behavior as a duty they should undertake, when a person is faced with a situation in which he has an option whether to commit a morally wrong action and a morally write action then it is important that the individual realize that his duty is to refrain from bad behavior.This theory can be applied to a situation in life where a person is faced with the option of doing wrong or right, according to this theory the individual has the duty to refrain from such bad behavior, and the individual should refrain from bad behavior regardless of the consequences of his actions. Utilitarianism theoryThe Utilitarianism theory was developed by Bentham Jeremy, this theory states that the morally right actions are those that produce most gratification, therefore morally right actions are those actions maximize happiness and at the same time minimiz e pain, therefore individuals should always choose those actions that maximize their happiness and at the same time recoil pain in the cause of their action.This theory is consistent with real life situations whereby this theory can be used to solve problem faced by individuals or in the workplace, it states that we must be rational in the actions we undertake, we maximize benefits and at the same time minimize the costs of actions, the benefits give us happiness while costs give us pain, therefore the individual when faced by certain problems whereby he requires to choose which action to undertake then he must analyze the benefits and the costs or consequences of such situations.In the real world we have rules that govern behavior, when one breach these rules there are sanctions associated with this bad behavior, this sanctions therefore can be viewed as the pain according to this theory, the benefits are the positive sanctions such as rewards given as a result of good behavior or morally right behavior. This theory therefore is relevant in explaining the situation in the real world regarding morally right behavior. cobblers lastAll the above philosophical theories regarding ethical behavior are relevant in the real world and they can be used to solve situations which individuals face in their day to day life, morally right behavior is that behavior which maximizes happiness and minimizes cost according to the Utilitarianism theory, this view is also supported by the Kantian theory which states that morally right behavior is that which promotes rationality and freedom.We also have a duty to refrain from morally wrong behavior as stated by the Deontological theory. All this theory are relevant in real life, they explain what shapes behavior and what controls the individual.

Communication Leads to Successful Nursing Practice Essay

In this assignment, I entrust reflect an incident happened during my clinical placement to develop my communication acquirements not fair theoretically plainly in practical facing real life environment. There is a lot of factors that may influence nursing practice. In this essay, I will address the importance of communication in developing nurse-patient relationship. Communication in nursing as stated by Sheldon (2004) was, Many definitions describe communication as a lurch of information between a source and a receiver.In nursing, communication is a sharing of health-related information between a patient and a nurse, with both(prenominal) participants as sources and receivers. The information may be verbal or nonverbal, written or spoken, personal or impersonal, issue-specific, or even relationship-oriented, to name a a couple of(prenominal) possibilities. . The aim of this essay is to reflect what had happen during my placement and this gives me opport unity to change my nu rsing care plan, which is based on the patients initial valuation.David Kolb,1984 express in his book called Experiental Learning Experience as a Source Of Learning and Development,(Kolb, 1984) that chiding is a way in which we examine our experiences and draw lessons from them. QIA acanthabone Skills Support Programme(2007) added that reflection squirt help to bridge the gap between theory and practice and enable us to research critically at our give birth behaviour, the behaviour of other people and at the organizational and social context within which we operate. In my context with my event, it is important for me to improve my nurse-patient relationship in damage of communication.In this reflection essay, I am sacking to use Gibbs (1988) model of reflection. This model is a recognized framework that will help me to reflect what was going on during my 16 days of clinical placement in one of major political science hospital. Gibbs model of reflection consist of six stages where the stages link with distri notwithstandingively other making a continuous cycle to facilitate critical thought, relating theory to practice where this model allow me to see my weaknesses and improvements during my clinical placement.Gibbs model of reflection encourages you to think systematically about the phases of an experience or activity, and you should use all the headings to structure your reflection (Oxford Brooks University, 2011). This model of reflection also a erect brainstorming of experiences that will end up with solutions to be made and things to be fix and for us to be aware in the future. Jasper M(2003) explains in her book called first Reflective Practice Foundations in Nursing and Health Care that Gibbs model of reflection starts with description of the event which I will discuss in my reflection.The siemens stage is going to be the analysis of feels, where I have to tell how I am feeling when that website happened. Third stage of Gibbs is evaluati on of the experience, past comes the fourth stage that is analysis. In this stage I will discuss about the event and from what sense that I can use out of that mooring that I am facing in the event. Conclusion and action plan are the last two stages which later on will discuss what else could I have done and what action can I do if the daub arose again along my course in nursing and in future time. definition In this paragraph, I would handle to describe what happen during my clinical placement. I was selected to be in the female surgical ward in one of the government major hospital for my first clinical placement. The ward dealing with pre-operative, post-operative patients and orthopedic patients. The ward is divided into four cubicles which each of the two controlled by different unit operative care unit and orthopedic unit.So, came this morning when me and my colleagues join the qualified nurses do their passing patients report, a family member of a patient name Ms. A approa ched me and complains that her daughter felt pain at her abdominal area. Ms. A is a 22-year-old young lady who has been diagnosed with colorectal cancer, (colorectal cancer occurs when tumors formed in the lining of the monstrous intestine, also called the large bowel National Cancer Institute,2003) as a result, giving her cramp feeling in the abdominal area, vomiting and change in bowel movements.She is in a nursing special care called palliative care,(palliative care an approach that improves the quality of life of patients and their families facing the problem associated with life-threatening illness, through and through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and treatment of pain and other problems, physical, psychosocial and spiritual WHO 2011) as her cancer was in incurable stage. I, as the student nurse immediately followed my mentor with few qualified nurses as they heard Ms.A who was screaming continuously as s he claims her pain was unbearable. It was my first time seeing or even hearing someone in that much pain, so I stood near her bedside and just look at the qualified nurses assess her after I introduced myself as student nurse. Effective communication is vital, as what have been stated in NursingTimes(2007) Failure to conk well with a patient right away will destroy the delicate nurse/patient relationship and mean the patient does not charge the nurse. FeelingHere, I would discuss the feeling and thinking that I had when I was in the situation. First I introduced myself to Ms. A as I need to reach a good sonority with Ms. A so she wont feel awkward and panicked with my presence with other qualified nurses. Like Crellin. K (1998) said in her 11 Ways To Built Rapport article, Taking time to establish a rapport with them can help them cope and improve their willingness in cooperate with the treatment. I was shocked and stood near her as she cant stand with her abdominal pain. Ther e is limited skills that I can do to help Ms.A during that time as I am still new in the environment. I were taught to ask Ms. A condition and asisst her to mollify down by communicating with her. Evaluation In my evaluation, I feel that I did the right thing to attend Mrs. A and help the qualified nurses dingdong their task by communicating and be an empathic listener (emphatic listener is a way of listening and responding to another person that improves mutual understanding and trust, Richard. S 2003) and quick listener so that she feels safe and know that someone care about her other than her family.As said by Richard Salem(2003), Emphatic listening will build trust and respects and creates safe environment that is conducive to collaborative problem solving. So, these control her emotionally to make her to calm down and get back to her stable condition. The doctor who attend her indirectly taught me how to make Ms. A to calm down, by facing a challenging speaker who was in pain . The key to active listening is relaxed attention to listen with my whole body by using verbal and non-verbal skill like facing the speaker(patient) and maintaining eye contact with them (University of Maine,1914).Analysis To collapse of what happened, the factors that affect my communication with Ms. A was her unbearable pain. Effective communication and act as a professional were quite difficult as I never had a long conversation with her except for communicate permission for assessing her vital signs which were temperature, blood pressure and breathing rate. Active listening also needed in this context as it help the speaker clarify what they are saying and makes them feel heard and it reduces emotions that block clear thinking (University of Miane 1914), hence it reduces her pain mentally.By listening to her, rephrasing what I heard the patient say as patient wont be receptive to your response until her thought ,ideas and feeling are communicated and understood(U. M,1914). Conclusion To conclude this, I am sure that communication is the most important skill to have as this will lead me to a successful nursing practice in any situation. Without effective communication, I wont be able to establish a good rapport with Ms. A and her family. As said by Sheldon, (2004) The power of creative and effective nursing care is strengthened by good communication skills.Patients share their stories, symptoms, and concerns by talking with us. Both the spoken word and the body language convey information about the patients experience. Your words can do so much put a patient at ease, set up a productive relationship, and carry out interventions. There is no other skill that is used more in nursing than communication. and Kacperek (1997)suggested that effective communication is dependent on the nurses ability to listen and utilize non-verbal communication skills. Ms. A feels thankful for our presence helping her with er pain by giving painkiller right after her mother called us.Action plan If the same situation arose again, I would like to get myself prepared with any circumstances that might happen, in my case, to communicate with patients in professional way without waiting for emergency situations. Research, asking tips for good rapport and effective communication are ways to solve my communication weaknesses. Without proper communication, it is difficult to understand patients need. Therefore, I would like to remind myself that, effective communication is the bridge towards successful and efficient nursing practice.Therefore in nursing practice, it is essential to have the knowledge of interaction, not just practical skills like bed making, vital signs and bed bathing but well prepared with good communication skill to face any situation that we might experience anytime. Without good nurse-patient relationship being built, trust and cooperation between both parties wont exist. As Lanette L. Anderson (n. d) They may not remember our names, but they will remember how we treated them during a difficult time in their lives.