Will Artificial Intelligence Replace Mankind Essay

From the first imaginative thought to manipulate nature to the development of complex astronomical concepts of space exploration, man continues to this day to innovate and invent products or methods that improve and enhance humankind. Though it has taken 150 million years to reach current day, the intellectual journey was not gradual in a linear sense. If one was to plot significant events occurring throughout human existence, Mankind’s ability to construct new ideas follows a logarithmic path, and is rapidly approaching an asymptote, or technological singularity. This singularity event has scientists both supporting and rejecting the concept of an imaginative plateau; the largest topic discussed is Artificial Intelligence (A.I.).†¦show more content†¦Moore in 1965. This rate states that every 18 months processing power, measured in calculations per second, either doubles or the physical space it occupies halves in size, without a change in manufacturing cost. Vern or Vinge, a pioneer in A.I. projects that if compared to human intelligence, set at 10TB of data storage and 100 trillion calculations, Moore’s law predicts A.I. will supersede its creators sometime after 2020. If this hypothesis proves correct, mankind will end. Natural selection favors higher intelligence. If this potential reality is rationally discussed, two outcomes are concluded. Either a super intelligence will seek to destroy all of mankind, or artificial components will gradually enhance the human body and mind until nothing human remains (besides perhaps personality); a peaceful mergence. A brief survey investigating opinions about the two outcomes above gave some insight on man’s view on the advent of A.I. Six of eight survey entries believed that A.I. will gradually be introduced in the form of cognitive enhancement. It is already evident that humans have begun altering themselves physically for better performance. Mental improvement is a logical next step. Survey entries also doubted that mankind would lack the wisdom to prevent an A.I. overthrow, and mentioned that artificial entities may choose to be friendly and live amongShow MoreRelatedResearch Paper On Arti ficial Intelligence1641 Words   |  7 Pages Troy University IS 3310: XTIB Introduction to Information Systems and Data Analytics Artificial Intelligence Brittany Cook July 20, 2017 Abstract This research involves discovering how Artificial Intelligence (AI) has progressed and how it could potentially replace mankind. The goal of this research is to provide examples of how Artificial Intelligence is incorporated into our daily lives and provides an easier way of living. Today, we live in a world where technology is constantlyRead MoreThe Global Responsibility Of Recognizing Pandora s Box1124 Words   |  5 Pages When does Technology go too far? The global responsibility of Recognizing Pandora’s Box Before recorded history, mankind has been intrigued by his natural world. 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As Fahrenheit 451 has illustrated, our society has evolved to interact with technology on a more personal level, change the way humans interactRead MoreFilm Reflection : Artificial Intelligence1052 Words   |  5 Pages HRM4M1: Film Reflection Artificial Intelligence Teacher : Mr. C. Femia Student: Sherry XU Student Number: #344890603 Course Code: HRE4M1-05 Due Date: Monday, Nov.24th, 2014 With the development of the high technology, a drastic

Alone Together by Sherry Turkle - 1172 Words

After reading Sherry Turkle’s book Alone Together, I was left with mixed feelings. Ill thought the book was poorly written, and could have been structured better. The way Turkle structures the book made me bored and uninterested. On the other hand, it enlightened me about the conditions that technology has done throughout society. I became bored reading certain parts of the book. I feel like the author could have sequenced it better. The author precedes some chapters or sections with a point and reinforces it with interviews from many research participants and interview quotes. I find myself skipping some parts just because I didn’t want to read every person’s reactions to a new robot, there were just too many. For example, in the book†¦show more content†¦Although it sounds cruel, perhaps the death of a pet can help prepare those for a death of a close family member, as they are already exposed to the emotional stress and could deal with it better. Turkle mentions the impact of social technology. This includes texting, the development of social sites such as Facebook and Myspace as well as virtual reality games such as World of Warcraft and the Sims. This is both a positive and negative trait of technology. The technology has allowed us to communicate and express our ideas. Texting allows people to stay connected to their friends without them actually being in person. Sites like Facebook and Myspace allow people to express their ideas freely. On the other hand, texting is starting to become the norm and people are beginning to talk to each other less. Most conversations are done though texting nowadays. This could be the fact that texting has the ability of censorship, as one can edit what they want to say before sending it. The same cannot be the said when talking on the phone. Facebook and Myspace profiles can be changed to what the person wants to be, not who they really are. Online games such as World of Warcraft or the Sim s disconnect people from reality. Even though they interact with other people online, the need for attention drives them to keep playing more. This disconnects them from the outside world, from their â€Å"real life† friends. Overall, social media has made us less connectedShow MoreRelated`` Alone Together `` By Sherry Turkle1997 Words   |  8 Pages â€Å"Alone Together† by Sherry Turkle can be explained by using the postmodernism theory. There are examples used throughout the entirety of the book that the author herself experienced during interviews that clearly show how our society is evolving in these postmodern times. â€Å"Alone Together† goes into detail explaining how people today are interacting with technology and how it is greatly changing our society. Theory Overview Before explaining postmodernism, modernism needs to explained some firstRead More`` Alone Together `` By Sherry Turkle1555 Words   |  7 Pageseasily stay connected to each other through the online world. Because of this, human beings have been influenced by the changing of their surrounding environments, and it leads to new issues that human beings never faced before. Sherry Turkle, the author of â€Å"Alone Together†, introduces the impact of the development of technology on humans, particularly human relationships. She argues that although the development of technology allowed people to have easier, faster, and more efficient lives, it alsoRead MoreSherry Turkle s Alone Together Reflection1085 Words   |  5 PagesSherry Turkle’s Alone Together Reflection: Sherry Turkle is a professor of the social studies of science and technology at MIT with a joint doctorate in sociology and personality psychology. 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Ted talk, Sherry Turkle argues that technology is a major influence on our social interaction during this time era. The technological world brings us together, but also separates us from this present reality. In Turkles speech she explains that when people should interact socially face to face instead they turn to their phones and do not give their full attention to the others who are in the room or environment at that time. Friends, coworkers, and family members feelRead MoreThe Flight From Conversation By Sherry Turkle1232 Words   |  5 PagesOver the course of time, there has been a lot of controversy over the use of technology in our day to day lives in Sherry Turkle s article, â€Å"The Flight From Conversation† she brings up a lot of main points targeting the use of technology and how it changes the way we interact with people. She explains that we have been accustomed to being alone together that many people prefer to be alone rather than having a conversation with someone. She also discusses how we no longer have traditional relationshipsRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Our Lives910 Words   |  4 Pagesmore powerful and effective ways of communication. People are getting used to a new way to be alone together while they are together. Conversation in number and quality decrease as technology replaces in human interaction Sherry Turkle, a psychologist and professor of the social studies and technology at the Massachusetts institute, wrote the article â€Å"The Flight from Conversation†. In this article, Turkle mainly discusses the impact of technology in the world today. She gives insight into how technologyRead MoreA Response To Growing Up Tethered By Sherry Turkle727 Words   |  3 PagesA Response to Growing Up Tethered Sherry Turkle’s primary argument in her essay, â€Å"Growing Up Tethered†, is the current generation of adolescents are linked or tethered to their cell phones and technology. 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Conversation in number and quality decrease as technology replaces in human interaction. In this article author gives insight into how technology distracts people without considering what price they are paying and persuades how technology has a huge effect on people’s conversation. Sherry Turkle, a psychologist and professor of the social studies and technology at the Massachusetts institute, wrote the article â€Å"The Flight from Conversation†. In this article, Turkle mainly discusses

Case Coke Cero free essay sample

Almost 10 years ago, Coke executives set out to change the by introducing Diet Coke and Diet Coke Plus, and in 2005 they launched a brand that defied the odds: Coke Zero. The brands U. S. sales have consistently increased as the soft drink category has shrunk. Coke Zero has proven that young men would rather spend their calories on fast food than soft drinks. The new product needed to taste a lot like regular Coke, and its packaging needed to evoke a subconscious masculinity. (Black good, white bad. And its marketing needed to be a little slapstick and irreverent. Coca-Cola Zero is a low-calorie (0. 75 calories per liter) variation of  Coca-Cola  specifically marketed to men, who were shown to associate diet drinks with women. The Coca-Cola Zero logo has generally featured the script Coca-Cola logo in red with white trim on a black background, with the word zero underneath in lower case in the geometric  typeface  Avenir  (or a customized version of it). We will write a custom essay sample on Case Coke Cero or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some details have varied from country to country. The British logo, for example, originally had the o taking a spiral form. In the U. S. , the letters decline in  weight  over the course of the word. All versions of Coke Zero sold in various countries are based on the same flavoring formula, and all are carbonated and caffeinated (except caffeine free). 1 liter of Coke Zero contains 100 mg caffeine. However, the exact combination of  artificial sweetenersand preservatives used varies from market to market. Coke Zero was Coca-Colas biggest product launch in 22 years (it was launched in 2005). It is primarily marketed towards young adult males and has even been nicknamed Bloke Coke in the UK. In the US, advertising has been tailored to its targeted market by describing the drink as calorie-free rather than diet, since young adult males are said to associate diet drinks with women. U. S. marketing has also emphasized its similarity in taste to sugared Coca-Cola through a 2007 U. S. viral marketing  campaign that suggested the companys executives were so angry over the drinks similarities, they were considering  suing  their coworkers for taste infringement. In Australia, the product was originally promoted by a fake  front group; the campaign included outdoor  graffiti  and online  spamming that mentioned a  fake blog. Once exposed, consumer advocates assailed the campaign as misleading and established the Zero Coke Movement  to comment on the ethics of Cokes activities. Before launching the product, the research made showed that the name â€Å"Coke Zero† was likely to be a better way to sell a low calorie beverage, without including the word â€Å"Diet†, which doesn? t appeal young man because of the feminine stigma. The Coke Zero was developed with artificial sugar and flavors that made the product? s flavor more alike Coca Cola Classic, because one of the problems of the Diet Coke was that even though it was a low calorie beverage, the taste was not good enough for customers and most of them were not willing to purchase it even though it was better than the Coca Cola Classic in terms of nutrition and health. 2. Updating  : Coke Zero has not just grown, but notched 17 straight quarters of double-digit sales increases. It is now sold in 130 countries, including powerhouse markets such as Brazil and Mexico. It is perhaps the most successful new soft drink of the last decade, a billion-dollar brand mentioned in the same breath as Coca-Cola, Diet Coke, Sprite and Fanta. In the U. S. , its sales are about six times larger than PepsiCos counterpart drink, Pepsi Max, which is getting an infusion of marketing dollars and three Super Bowl commercials this winter. Pepsi Max was introduced in 1993 in international markets and in the U. S. in 2007. Despite the accolades, Coke Zero stumbled out of the gate. Big success came only after Coca-Cola adjusted on the fly. The drink was initially marketed with a tagline of everybody chill a vague emotional message that didnt work. Consumers were left confused about what the brand meant. The Coke Zero brand team had studied beer ads for clues to appealing to young adult men, but the team hadnt clearly explained Coke Zeros reason for being in the market. The company sought to boil down Coke Zeros intrinsic value with a message that it delivered real Coke taste, zero calories. Five years on, the marketing pitch remains the same. Coke Zero was initially sold in white cans and bottles. In the feedback from consumers, Coca-Cola researchers noticed a problem. The white packaging connoted diet drinks, and among the coveted young male demographic, diet  connoted female. The company quickly borrowed an idea from its Australian division and swathed Coke Zero in black. Within six months, the new marketing and packaging were in place, and the brand took off. In 2009, a year in which overall soda sales shrank by about 2 percent, Coke Zero sales jumped 20 percent in the U. S. , from 97 million cases to 116 million, according to trade journal Beverage Digest. Among big soft drinks, only Diet Mountain Dew, Diet Dr Pepper, Crush and Coke Zero posted gains. The brand claimed the #12 spot among carbonated soft drinks in the United States, up from #15 a year before. Its sales and market share have continued to grow this year. The soft drink market was receptive to Coke Zeros proposition: that you could trim calories without sacrificing taste. From the early days of the brand, Coca-Cola linked Coke Zero to some of its biggest marketing events: NASCAR races, the NCAA Mens Final Four and action and sci-fi movies such as Avatar, the James Bond vehicle Quantum of Solace and Tron: Legacy. Marketing can take a brand so far, but it has to deliver on the promise. Fans say Coke Zero tastes much like Coca-Cola Classic, albeit perhaps a little sweeter. But it drops the calorie count to zero with a sweetener blend of aspartame and acesulfame potassium, also known as Ace-K. Coca-Cola executives predict continued growth for Coke Zero, based on the expanding popularity of diet and light drinks. When Diet Coke launched in 1982, diet drinks made up only 1 percent of sales at Coca-Cola Co. Today, that number stands at 42 percent, and the company expects it to hit 50 percent by 2020. Plus, the brands sales are especially strong among Hispanics and African-Americans, two growing demographics. In the 16-24 age group, about 60 percent of Coke Zeros drinkers are male. But Zero also gets a lot of sales from men 35 or older, whose calorie-trimming ways might otherwise force them out of regular Coca-Cola. Coke Zero has managed to avoid the boom and bust cycle that can plague line extensions that Coca-Cola C2 and Vanilla Coke suffered. Coke Zero shows a well-conceived, well-marketed soft drink can grow in North America. Coke can legitimately claim that Coke Zero was a success story in a somehow dying category of soft drinks. Now, Coca-Cola is trying to get Coke Zero into more soda fountains and restaurants, which remain the largest opportunity for the brand in North America. The brand is in Outback Steakhouse, Chick-fil-A and some McDonalds and movie theaters, but the company is urging its retail customers to make the brand more widely available. As the total revenue, gross operating profit and total net income of the Coke Zero division since it was first introduced to the market in 2007 to 2010, the product has experienced an important growth of about the 100%, this means that it has doubled its total net income from $5. 9 billion in 2007 to $11. 9 billion in 2010. 2010 Total Revenue: $35. 2 billion Gross Operating Profit: $23. 9 billion Total Net Income: $11. 9 billion 2009[ Total Revenue: $30. 99 billion Gross Operating Profit: $21. 1 billion Total Net Income: $5. 8 billion 2008 Total Revenue: $31. 9 billion Gross Operating Profit: $21. 8 billion Total Net Income: $5. 8 billion 2007 Total Revenue: $28. 9 billion Gross Operating Profit: $19. 6 billion Total Net Income: $5. 9 billion 3. People Involved  : Elizabeth Finn Johnson, Senior Litigation amp; Employment Counsel for The Coca-Cola Company, joined Coca Cola’s Legal Division in 1990, and since approximately 1994, her practice has concentrated in employment discrimination litigation defense. She has defended Coca-Cola in a number of significant matters, including litigation surrounding Coca-Cola’s use of its polar bear in advertising and marketing, the race-based class action, and litigation under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, among others, and since 2005 has been voted a Georgia Super Lawyer annually by her peers. In addition to her litigation expertise, Ms. Johnson also provides advice and counsel to the Company’s Supply Chain and Foodservice divisions in the areas of labor and employment. A graduate of Harvard University (cum laude 1982) and the University of Virginia Law School (1987) where she was Co-Executive Director of The Post-Conviction Assistance Project and a member of the Journal of Law and Politics, she serves on the Board of Directors of the Atlanta Bar Association Foundation, the charitable arm of the Atlanta Bar Association; on the Board of Directors of The Study Hall, a non-profit devoted to providing educational and enrichment opportunities to families and children in one of Atlanta’s poorest neighborhoods; on the Board of Directors of The Women’s Resource Center, a shelter for battered women and children, and on the Board of Directors of Street Law, Inc. an internationally known organization teaching about law and democracy around the world. She is a past-chair of The Coca-Cola Company Legal Division’s Pro Bono and Community Service Committee and is very active in pro bono activities. In the case presented in the chapter 8, Elizab eth Finn Jonson was one of the  victims of the fake sue that a couple of marketing managers, who were actualy actors, wanted to impose on Coke Zero? s developers claiming that the flavor of the new product was exactly the same as the Coca Cola Classic. Elizabeth Finn Jonson came to find out later that this was all part of an advertisement based on hidden camera videos that would be uploaded on he web. This way, consumers would get the message of Coke Zero having a flavor that was so much alike the Coca Cola Classic. Katie Bayne is President, North America Brands for  Coca-ColaNorth America. In this role, she is responsible for strategicmarketing, sparkling beverages, glaceau,  Minute Maid  juices, coffee, tea and  water,  diversity  business development and Latin Affairs in the United States. The Canada Business Unit also reports to Katie. Born in Perth, Australia, Katie joined the Company in August of 1989 in Atlanta as Assistant Brand Manager, Diet Colas. She progres sed through a series of brand management positions, including New  Products. In 1996, Katie relocated to Sydney, Australia to create a retail marketing arm for  Coca-Cola  South Pacific, and eventually was responsible for all customer/channel strategy in cold drink, foodservice and vending. She returned to the U. S. to lead North America  Marketing  for the McDonalds Group in 2000. In 2004, Katie rejoined the North America Operating Unit and has made significant contributions in a number of roles, including Senior Vice President Integrated  Marketing, Senior Vice President  Coca-Cola  Brands and Chief Marketing Officer for  Coca-Cola  North America, where she was responsible for strengthening the brands across the North America Brand portfolio. Each 8-ounce serving provides 15% of your RDI for niacin and vitamins B6 and B12, and 10% for zinc and magnesium. Coca-Cola found a huge problem into their company, because almost young men between the ages of 18 and 34 were abandoning the Coca-Cola brand altogether, because the principal reason was they didn? t want all the calories of regular Coke, because principal option for everyone was to lose weight. As we know there are many people fat in The United States, in every state in that country we can find this huge problem, because everyone prefer to eat like fast food every time, also they prefer drink a lot of soda in this case is a Coke, because the most important brand soda in The United Stated is The Coca-Cola Company. It company was looking for an excellent product for everyone, so it company thought â€Å"Coke Zero† would be an effective way to sell a low-calorie cola to men without using the word â€Å"diet†, after several time it made for Coke to finally create a product that tasted more like the real thing. Coke Zero was introduced in 2005 with a big marketing push, including an excellent commercial in the year 1971. Coke Zero was Coca-Colas biggest product launch in 22 years. It is primarily marketed towards young adult males and has even been nicknamed Bloke Coke in the UK. In the US, advertising has been tailored to its targeted market by describing the drink as calorie-free rather than diet, since young adult males are said to associate diet drinks with women. U. S. marketing has also emphasized its similarity in taste to sugared Coca-Cola through a 2007 U. S. iral marketing campaign that suggested the companys executives were so angry over the drinks similarities; they were considering suing their coworkers for taste infringement. Coke Zero was an immediate hit in Australia, selling more than three times the number of cases expected during its first year on the market. Actually Coca-Cola Company is investing more money in Coke Zero than any other brand its size. They think it kind of brand will someday be a megabrand for the company Coca-Cola Classic and Diet Coke. The Coca-Cola system is not a single entity from a legal or managerial perspective, and the Company does not own or control all of our bottling partners. While many view our Company as simply Coca-Cola, our system operates through multiple local channels. Our Company manufactures and sells concentrates, beverage bases and syrups to bottling operations, owns the brands and is responsible for consumer brand marketing initiatives. Our bottling partners manufacture, package, merchandise and distribute the final branded beverages to our customers and vending partners, who then sell our products to consumers. All bottling partners work closely with customers grocery stores, restaurants, street vendors, convenience stores, movie theaters and amusement parks, among many others to execute localized strategies developed in partnership with our Company. Customers then sell our products to consumers at a rate of 1. 7 billion servings a day. Coca Cola? s number one competitor is PepsiCo; their products can be found in nearly 200 countries around the globe. PepsiCo is a global food and beverage leader with a diverse product portfolio that includes 22 brands that each generates more than $1 billion each in annual retail sales. PepsiCo as we know is the competitor of The Coca-Cola Company at this time, because this company produces many products for the benefit of all consumers in the market today. Their products can be found in nearly 200 countries around the globe. PepsiCo is a global food and beverage leader with a diverse product portfolio that includes 22 brands that each generates more than $1 billion each in annual retail sales. PepsiCo as we know is the competitor of The Coca-Cola Company at this time, because this company produces many products for the benefit of all consumers in the market today. In the United States and Canada. Its U. S. brands include Pepsi, Mountain Dew, Sierra Mist, SoBe, AMP Energy, IZZE, Naked Juice, Propel, Mug, and Aquafina, among others. The company continues to innovate, creating new products, new flavors and new packages in varying shapes and sizes to meet the growing demand for convenience and healthier choices. Tropicana Products, Inc. , a division of PepsiCo, Inc. , is the leading producer and marketer of branded fruit juices Quaker brands have been around for over a century. They are symbols of quality, great taste, and nutrition. The researchers then took their findings into the lab, and scientifically formulated a new, precisely alanced carbohydrate-electrolyte beverage that would adequately replace the key components lost by Gator players through sweating and exercise. They called their concoction Gatorade. These companies more important that we as consumers have right now worldwide, each has excellent products to offer to all consumers in the market. In the market today, all companies have to keep innovating, creating new products to meet the needs of customers worldwide. And these companies are innovating every day to continue the business success they have today in the domestic and international market. 6. Strategies  : The Coca Cola Company is aware about the tendency of consumer becoming more health conscious and less willing to consume products with high quantities of sugar and fat. The company implemented a series of strategies in order to cope to the changing environment and be part of this worldwide tendency. The first strategy used by Coca Cola was introducing Diet Coke Plus, a sweeter version of the Diet Coke which is a soda low in sugar, with vitamins and minerals. for those who are health conscious, for those who are not looking for hipercaloric products, or for people who cannot consume sugar because of a certain medical condition. Even though the product was highly recognized, the company still needed to satisfy the needs of the young men market as their current products and promotion strategies were not appealing them. This way, the second strategy the company used was the instruction of the Coca Cola Black and the Full Throttle Blue Demon, which intended to appeal certain demographic groups among the men market. But there was still a segment that was abandoning the brand: Men between 18 and 34 wouldn? t start consuming Diet Coke as they had a feminine stigma about the product or because of its aftertaste. That is why the third strategy of the company consisted in introducing the Coke Zero, a still low calorie beverage with a better flavor that didn’t have a feminine stigma. The marketing push for this product was really strong, but it didn? t succeeded at the beginning. The final strategy implemented by the company consisted in the reintroduction of the Coke Zero in the U. S but this time with a black and silver label that would differentiate it from the Diet Coke. Even though the strategies mention finally worked when the company reintroduced a silver black label Coke Zero and it was able to create an important market share, an strategy that the company should have take in consideration is one that would attract different markets. For example, one of the reasons why many parents won? t let their children drink Coca Cola products is because of the high levels of caffeine and sugar it has, so in order to satisfy the children market the company should have developed a caffeine free product, besides from the low sugar and calorie existing ones. Another strategy could have been making campaign specifically directed to the young men. Because one of the characteristics of The Coca Cola Company is its ability to launch ads that people really get, but they didn’t seem to make use of this advantage in the young men market case. Questionnaire 1. Describe the specific type of consumer that the Coca Cola Company is targeting each of the following products: Diet Coke, Coke Zero, Diet Coke Plus, Coca Cola Blak, and Full Throttle Blue Demon. What type of demographic segmentation is each product? s marketing most likely to include? With the Diet Coke, the company is targeting those consumers who have developed a health concern. This low calorie and artificial flavor soft drink is directed to people who want to preserve their health, also for those who want to lose some weight, but it is mostly for women as the word â€Å"Diet† has some kind of feminine stigma. The type of demographic segmentation this product is most likely to include is age and gender. The Coke Zero is mainly directed to the segment of the market who at the time were not consuming any diet or low calorie soft drinks. As it doesn? t include the word â€Å"diet† it does not have a feminine or a wanting-to-lose-weight connotation. It is directed also to those who want a low calorie beverage but are not willing to sacrifice taste. The type of demographic segmentation this product is most likely to include is age and gender. The Coca Cola Blak target market are the older, more sophisticated consumers who enjoy caffeine and are willing to pay more for the product. The type of demographic segmentation this product is most likely to include is age, gender and income. The Full Throttle Blue Demon is targeted to a very specific demographic segment which is the Hispanic men, who enjoy energetic drinks and margaritas. The type of demographic segmentation this product is most likely to include is gender and ethnic. 2. Some industry analysts think soft drink companies should develop products that will bring new customers into the market rather than just creating variants on the old. They warn that products such as Coke Zero will cannibalize lost market share from other soft drink categories instead of increasing the number of consumer overall. Which Coca Cola products are most likely to lose consumers to Coke Zero  ? What Coke Zero? s developers intended was to create a product with the exact same flavor (or at least a really similar one) of the Coca Cola Classic. The difference is only the amount of calories it has and the artificial sugar being used. In this order of ideas, what is most likely to happen is that as health concern is becoming or has already become a worldwide tendency, the Coca Cola Classic consumers would rather start consuming Coke Zero, if it? true that the flavor is almost exact. The other product likely to lose consumers to Coke Zero is the Diet Coke, as it also intends to satisfy a need of consuming beverages with no calories or no sugar, but Coke Zero has a plus and it is the flavor being more similar to the Coca Cola Classic than the D iet Coke. To sume up, Coke Zero satisfies the needs of both consumers of Diet Coke and Classic Coke. 3. Why do you think that the hidden-camera videos used to promote Coke Zero were an effective way to reach its target market? Do you think a similar strategy with a viral marketing campaign on the Internet would appeal to the target market for Diet Coke Plus? The hidden-camera videos used to promote Coke Zero were an effective way to reach its target market because what gives Coca Cola its value, that specific feature of the product that the customers care about is its unique flavor that can only be described as â€Å"Coke flavor† because it is unlike anything else. According to this, what might be the biggest concern of the company before launching the product was that maybe the target market would think about Coke Zero the same they thought about Diet Coke: that the flavor was not the same. That is why the hidden-camera videos were released in order to give the perception to the market that the flavor was so alike â€Å"the real thing† than there would even be sues about it. With the plus of Coke Zero having zero calories, and the advantage presented in this advertisings of the flavor being almost the same. A similar viral marketing campaign for the Diet Coke Plus would have been able to appeal the market as it made it worldwide through websites such as YouTube and others by creating some kind of advertisement that would let the audience know that the new Diet Coke Plus is not only a low calorie soft drink but it also preserves health. An idea would be making secret videos on hospitals were doctors would suggest their patients with diabetes or weight issues to drink Diet Coke Plus. 4) Do you think Diet Coke could have been repositioned to change consumer? s perceptions of it enough to be considered a drink equally appealing to men? Why or why not? Diet Coke is one of the most popular sugar-free soft drink in America. Its the original sparkling beverage for those who want great flavor without the calories a drink for those with great taste. An important step is Diet Coke have capitalized on the markets of people who require low sugar regimens, such as diabetics and people concerned with calorie intake. Anyways, most of the young men in the U. S do not like to consume Diet Coke because they associate the word â€Å"diet† with a feminine stigma. The goal is to make both genders feels the same satisfaction when drinking this Coke, and certain confidence when purchasing it, because it is a product that both male and female could and should consume. The word â€Å"diet† is focused for everybody whether male or female, but we have to look for the best alternative for men to see that it is a product in which anyone can drink that kind of soda as it is for the benefit for all customers worldwide. Is a product that is designed for worldwide use, and it is completely possible to change this stigma and perception by making campaigns that include the importance of consuming low calorie beverages, which would make men understand that it is not only a matter of wanting to lose weight, it goes beyond: it is preserving everybody? s health. It could also be made through advertisement. For example, by hiring worldwide known sports men or other male idols who might influence the young men about drinking Diet Coke, or also by making the brand a sponsor of

Phil Bone free essay sample

A. It is manifested by progressive decalcification of bones. B. It predisposes to fracture. C. Supplementary calcium intake may retard or prevent progression of the disease. D. It occurs with equal frequency in both men and women. Ans: D Page: 732 2. Which of the following statements related to herniated intervertebral disk is? A. Protrusion of the disk material may impinge on nerve roots that exit through intervertebral foramina. B. It usually results from chronic infection of the disk, which predisposes to the herniation. C. Protrusion of disk material may be detected by CT scan or myelogram. D. Part of the nucleus pulposus is extruded through a weak area or tear in the annulus fibrosus. Ans: B Page: 736 3. Which of the following statements regarding gout is ? A. It is a disturbance of purine metabolism. B. It is associated with an autoantibody directed against antigens in joint cartilage. C. Uric acid may precipitate in tissues, forming gouty tophi. We will write a custom essay sample on Phil Bone or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page D. The frequency of attacks can be reduced by drugs that lower blood uric acid. Ans: B Page: 727-728 4. What is a pathologic fracture? A. A fracture in which the overlying skin is broken B. A fracture that occurs in a weakened area of bone secondary to a disease involving the bone C. A fracture in which the bone is shattered into multiple pieces D. A fracture associated with an autoantibody Ans: B Page: 730 5. Which of the following conditions is NOT a characteristic manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis? A. Autoantibodies directed against gamma globulin B. High levels of uric acid in the blood

Local Anaesthetic Agents †Anatomy Research Paper

Local Anaesthetic Agents – Anatomy Research Paper Free Online Research Papers Local anaesthetic molecules are made of an aromatic group linked to a basic side chain by an ester or amide bond. The side chain is basic because it is made of a secondary or tertiary amino derivatives. This typical structure is demonstrated by lignocaine, as shown in the adjacent diagram. These molecules are therefore weak bases, with pKa values in the range of 8-9, so they mainly exist as ions in body fluids at physiological pH. The only exception is benzocaine, where the amino group is attached directly to the aromatic side chain. Local anaestheics act by reversibly binding to the S6 transmembrane helical segment on any of the four domains of the sodium voltage-gated channel. The S6 segment possesses a binding site accesible only from the cytosol, therby physically blocking the entry of sodium ions into the axoplasm. As a result, the inward sodium current upon neuron excitation cannot exceed the outward potassium current, the membrane cannot be depolarised to threshold and an action potential cannot be initiated. This is effective only when the anaesthetic is in its ionised quartenary form. Therefore, the compound must be able to penetrate the hydrophobic lipid-rich axon membrane (and myelin sheath, if present) to act effectively; only the electrically neutral form of the anaesthetic can do so. Once in the water-rich axoplasm, the anaesthetic ionises, and subsequent binding is hence possible. Thus, it is the coexistance of the neutral and protonated forms of the anaesthetic in solution that allows for the â₠¬Å"bypassing† of the axolemma and the relatively rapid targeting of the voltage-gated sodium channels. Another beneficial feature of anaesthetics attributed to their mechanism of action is their preferential blocking of pain and autonomic neurons, while sparing those involved with coarse touch and movement. Myelinated neurons have a higher surface density of voltage-gated channels than the axolemma of unmyelinated neurons; therefore, they are less likely to be blocked when exposed to the same dosage level of anaesthetic. Axons with larger diameters are also less likely to be blocked than ones of smaller diameter because they can conduct passively over longer distances. Since nociceptive impulses are carried by A? (small myelinated) and C (unmyelinated) fibres, pain sensation is blocked more readily than other sensory modalities. Although all neurons in the region of anaesthetic introduction will be affected to a certain extent when considering the practical anaesthetic dosages used during surgery, this mode of action nevertheless ensures that the patient does not experience sensations of pain. Numerous varietes of anaesthetics show use-dependence: the more channels are open, the greater the block becomes. This is because the entry of the blocking agents is more probable with an open channel, that possesses a wider pore. Furthermore, due to the shape of the anaesthetic molecule, the equilibrium between the closed and inactivated states of the channel will be in favour of the inactivated state in the presence of the anaesthetic, thereby greatly reducing the probability of the initiation and propagation of action potentials. Since touch, pressure and pain sensory-neurons in the anaesthetised region will relay a train of action potentials during surgery, they are the most likely to be blocked as their voltage-gated channels will cycle through open and inactivated states. This mechanism contributes greatly to the overall blocking effect of the anaesthetic. Drug solubility and the presence of either an ester or amide bond are important factors when considering the required rate of onset and duration of anaesthesia. Ester-linked local anaesthetics, such as anethocaine, are rapidly hydrolysed by both plasma and liver cholinesterases, and so have a short biological-half life and blocking duration (about one hour). Amide-linked anaesthetics, such as lignocaine, can only be metabolised in the liver by N-dealkylation, and the resultant metabolites themselves are often anaethetically active. They are therfore more widely used due to their longer blocking duration (about 2 hours). Anaesthetic solubility can also be a determining factor when choosing an anaesthetic. Benzocaine is an unusual local anaesthetic of very low solubility, and so is used as a dry powder to dress painful skin ulcers: the drug is slowly released and produces long-lasting surface anaesthesia. Lignocaine, on the other hand, is often utilised in the form of its acid salt (us ually with hydrochloric acid) and so can be injected in an aqueous form during epidural and spinal anaestheisa for a rapid blocking effect. Lastly, all local anaesthetics used are stable when heated. This is necessary to ensure that sterilisation of the anaesthetic prior to introduction into the body is effective and does not alter the anaesthetic’s binding efficacy to sodium voltage-gated channels. Although local anaesthetics are administered in such a way as to minimise their spread to other parts of the body, they are ultimately absorbed into systemic circulation. Furthermore, local anaesthetics may be injected into veins or arteries by accident. The major unwanted side effect that may occur systemic toxicity, the risk of which increases when higher doses and larger areas are involved. Thus, they are capable of interfering with normal central nervous system function. At low doses, the main effect of the anaesthetic on the CNS is stimulation: this produces restlessness, tremor, and subjective effects ranging from confusion to extreme agitation. Higher doses can cause the tremors to progress to severe convulsions, and even higher doses produce CNS depression. The main threat to life at this stage comes from respiratory depression, because of the anaesthetic’s depression of the respiratory centre and/or phrenic nerve. To reduce the possibility of such effects from occurri ng, a cuff may be used to reduce anaesthetic systemic spread when introduced in the upper limb, or by introducing vasoconstrictors such as adrenalin and felypressin when dealing with the thorax. The risk of systemic toxicity is present if the cuff is released prematurely, or if the dosage of vasoconstrictor is to low. The only exception to this rule is cocaine, which produces euphoria at doses well below those that cause convulsions due to its specific blocking effect on monoamine uptake. Procaine produces especially prominent unwanted central effects, which is a reason for its replacement by lignocaine and prilocaine, whose central effects are much less pronounced. Local anaesthetics commonly affect the cardiovascular system when present in systemic circulation. They have negative chonotropic and inotropic effects on the heart: by inhibiting the inward sodium ion current, anaesthetics decrease the cytosolic concentration of sodium ions in cardiomyocytes, which in turn reduces intracellular calcium ion stores, and this reduces both the frequency and force of contraction. Vasodilatation of arterioles is due to the direct effect of local anaesthetics on vascular smooth muscle and the indirect inhibition of the sympathetic nervous system. The combined myocardial depression and vasodilatation produces a fall in blood pressure, which may be sudden and life threatening. Cocaine is an exception: it produces opposite effects, such as increased cardiac output and arterial pressure, and increased cardiac output because of its ability to inhibit noradrenalin uptake. Another common side effect restricted only to the use of local anaesthetics in spinal and epidural anaesthesia is postoperative urinary retention due to the block of pelvic autonomic outflow. Other side effects are more rare. Hypersensitivity reactions sometimes occur, usually in the form of allergic dermatitis (most frequently during surface anaesthesia in atopic patients), but rarely as an acute anaphylactic reaction. Other unwanted side effects are specific to particular drugs, such as mucosal irritation when applying cocaine, and methaemoglobinaemia when using large doses of prilocaine due to the production of toxic metabolites (the haeme iron is oxidised from the +2 to the +3 state and so cannot bind to oxygen: subsequent symptoms include fatigue, dizziness and cyanosis). This is why prilocaine is rarely used in obstetric analgesia. Research Papers on Local Anaesthetic Agents - Anatomy Research PaperArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Analysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementResearch Process Part OneRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyOpen Architechture a white paperCapital PunishmentEffects of Television Violence on Children

Free Essays on Marx, Durkheim, Weber Understanding Of Religion Within Society

Comparing and contrasting Marx’ belief on religion as a social opium, along with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber’s understanding and account of religion within society. How do we account for religion - its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question, which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. But through the 18th and 19th centuries, a more "naturalistic" approach developed. One person who attempted to examine religion from an objective, scientific perspective was Karl Marx. Marx's analysis and critique of religion is perhaps one of the most famous and most quoted by theist and atheist alike. The most famous quote from the work of Karl Marx (and one of the most controversial statements in all of philosophy) is his frank assertion that religion "is the opium of the people" (141)*. This pithy comment is indeed a good summation up Marx’s straightforward appraisal of religion, which he said "eased pain even as it created fantasies" for those masses of oppressed workers suffering at the hands of a powerful few (141)*. As a functionalist, Marx insisted that religion does not exist independently, but only operates "to satisfy other needs or conditions" (158)*. He was convinced that "religion is so fully determined by economics that it is pointless to consider any of its doctrines or beliefs on their own merits" (138)*. For Marx, religion serves only to comfort and placate the poor and wretched, while simultaneously justifying and protecting the privilege of those in control, and therefore it "should not only be dismissed, but dismissed with scorn" (139)*. Marx imagined primeval communist societies in which all resources were owned jointly by the members of the community, a social organisation to which... Free Essays on Marx, Durkheim, Weber Understanding Of Religion Within Society Free Essays on Marx, Durkheim, Weber Understanding Of Religion Within Society Comparing and contrasting Marx’ belief on religion as a social opium, along with Emile Durkheim and Max Weber’s understanding and account of religion within society. How do we account for religion - its origin, its development, and even its persistence in modern society? This is a question, which has occupied many people in a variety of fields for quite a long time. At one point, the answers were framed in purely theological and religious terms, assuming the truth of Christian revelations and proceeding from there. But through the 18th and 19th centuries, a more "naturalistic" approach developed. One person who attempted to examine religion from an objective, scientific perspective was Karl Marx. Marx's analysis and critique of religion is perhaps one of the most famous and most quoted by theist and atheist alike. The most famous quote from the work of Karl Marx (and one of the most controversial statements in all of philosophy) is his frank assertion that religion "is the opium of the people" (141)*. This pithy comment is indeed a good summation up Marx’s straightforward appraisal of religion, which he said "eased pain even as it created fantasies" for those masses of oppressed workers suffering at the hands of a powerful few (141)*. As a functionalist, Marx insisted that religion does not exist independently, but only operates "to satisfy other needs or conditions" (158)*. He was convinced that "religion is so fully determined by economics that it is pointless to consider any of its doctrines or beliefs on their own merits" (138)*. For Marx, religion serves only to comfort and placate the poor and wretched, while simultaneously justifying and protecting the privilege of those in control, and therefore it "should not only be dismissed, but dismissed with scorn" (139)*. Marx imagined primeval communist societies in which all resources were owned jointly by the members of the community, a social organisation to which...

Roles of presidency in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Roles of presidency in the United States - Essay Example Thus, the first power that is vested in the presidency of the United States is the position of the commander in Chief of the Army and the Navy of the United States (Reagan, 7). Under this power, the presidency can direct that the USA enters into war with another country through commanding the army and the navy to invade the territory, although after the approval of the congress. The presidency is also the commander of the militia under different states, on the event that such militias have been called upon to the service of the United States. Under the powers vested in the presidency of the United Sates, the occupant of that position has the powers to pardon any offence against the United States, except under the case of impeachment (Grant, 47). The other power vested in the presidency in the United States is the powers to constitute a government and to spearhead the implementation of the government agendas. Thus, under these powers, the presidency plays the role of appointing the to p government officials who include the ministers responsible for different departments, as well as the appointment of the judge of the Supreme Court and the different ambassadors to various regions of the world, with the approval of two-thirds of the senate (Bumiller, 132). The presidency is also responsible for entering into treaties with different nations and other relevant authorities and organizations globally, backed by the consent of two-thirds of the senate.

Theorization & Generalization of Findings Article

Theorization & Generalization of Findings - Article Example Thus, Social Work Research is a means of providing a flexible system through which targets of a given Social Work projects can be analyzed, critiqued and evaluated in order to provide an opinion or view of the existing state of affairs in the status of a given community. The purpose of this paper is to critique a given article on the basis of standards, conventions, and ethics of Social Work Research presented by authoritative academics and researchers in the field. This will include a thorough review and analysis of the content of the article and how it meets the standards in the absolute and relativist sense. The article selected for this study is titled â€Å"Violence Exposure Among Children of Incarcerated Mothers† by Dana, D. DeHart and Sandra J. Altshuler which was published in the Child Adolescent Social Work Journal in 2009. As the title suggests, the article focuses on the social welfare of a class of people in society who need the help of social service providers and other social workers to gain a normal life – children of incarcerated women. Clearly, when a woman gives birth to a child in prison, the child is in a less than ideal social setting. Hence, there is the need for social workers in the community to find ways of ensuring that the child in question gets the right level of care and attention in order to grow to become a responsible adult. The title makes it easier for people searching the web to locate it because the words â€Å"violence†, â€Å"children† and â€Å"incarcerated mothers† are likely to be searched when anyone with a research interest needs to find an article with these features. This implies that it is conveniently titled and can be easily located. The title is also direct and straightforward because most thinkers can easily understand it and deduce a lot of meaning from it when they first see it.

Managerial Personality Essay Example for Free

Managerial Personality Essay The characteristics of a person’s personality determine his leadership capabilities. Leaders from around the world all have distinct characteristics which define their leadership style and abilities. In a corporate culture, these personality traits can be capitalized upon to direct an organization towards its goals and to do so requires an in depth understanding of the different styles of personality traits that define every individual. A grasp on this knowledge would allow any leader to have a huge impact on the culture and performance of an organization. An observation to be made is the leveraging of personality traits may be utilized in order to achieve corporate goals. To create a competitive advantage, management’s focus must be on cooperation and inspiration. A clear link exists between culture and performance, as shown by Mindy L. Hall (Hall, 2005.) A leader’s personality shapes the environment in which employees function, and can either inspire extraordinary results, or devastating outcomes. Hostile conditions in the workplace will cause anxiety, stress, lack of energy, disengagement, or high turnover. Subsequently, organizations with these issues experience a lower quality of output. This negatively affects the relationship between consumers and businesses, who may find the competition more appealing. A positive engagement between management and employees excite a higher level of performance. From this, a company experiences higher quality output and satisfied customers. A best way to manage a company doesn’t exist; it must be studied, understood, and honed to best match or shape the organization’s culture. The key issue to choosing the appropriate manager in any organization is appreciating what goals and desires are sought after. This report is focused primarily on management as leaders and employees as subordinates. However, it must be understood that subordinates can also play the role as leader in their own context, and it should be encouraged. For example, a group of four employees are assigned to a project. Among this group will emerge a leader who directs the mission to accomplish said assignment. Although this individual does not possess a management title he or she is still leading. That being stated, an organization must possess a deep understanding of its business culture, and employ these concepts when prospecting for competent employees and management. Furthermore, management can recognize certain personality traits among individuals in a team, and manipulate and combine them in a synergetic way. In general, the comprehension of the various personality traits can be used as a measurement of how an individual may respond and perform in an organization’s culture. However, there is much debate as to the extent to which personality can predict behavior, and the extent to which behavior arises from the dynamics of a given situation (Kendrick, Funder, 1991.) The key issues in a corporate context include the big five personality traits, Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs, attitude, and emotional intelligence. The Big Five Personality Traits General agreement exists among researchers regarding the big five personality traits. This model categorizes personalities into five distinct categories: Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Neuroticism, and Openness. An understanding of these categories often referred to as OCEAN, gives insight to an individual’s underlying personality and how an individual would react in day to day operations of an organization. However, research has shown situational factors play a role in how individuals move between the two extremes of each personality factor. Each factor is a range of two extremes, which most individuals lie somewhere in between. Given this fact, the majority of decisions made by people are representative of their fundamental personality traits. Only when abnormal or extreme situations arise does an individual shift towards the extreme of either end on one or more factors. Managers seeking to create a winning team would do well to not only understand his own personality type, but also individual team member’s personality types. Intimate knowledge of each person among a group will allow for a more harmonious and efficient team effectively utilizing strengths and mitigating weaknesses. Attitude Attitudes of managers and employees contribute greatly to the working environment. An attitude is a collection of beliefs and feelings brought on by life experiences or learned from others, and a positive or negative analysis of one’s environment. Similar attitudes of a leader and a team can create a positive working environment that flows all the way down to the end consumer. Leaders of an organization who commit to reinforcing positive attitudes contribute to a successful business model. Individuals who are satisfied with the work environment make their duties a part of life, and commit skills and knowledge to drive progress of a business. A study conducted by MBA’s and one professor from India, (Tandon, Mishra, Singh, 2011,) explored the relationship between attitude and how an organization perceives its position in society. The study begins by stating that business behavior has both economic and relational impact. Over recent decades there have been significant changes in the social expectation from business and managers. This study found that one’s personal beliefs, values, and attitude drive commitment to social responsibility. In this writing social responsibility can be thought of as organizational commitment or responsibility. The study took a specific look into how spirituality, materialism, relativism, and idealism discriminate between high and low corporate social responsibility (CSR).The study conducted found idealism and spirituality to have a positive influence on CSR, and materialism and relativism had a negative or less of an influence. This implies that managers with more of a concern towards society’s beliefs and values, and less towards material things, will have a greater concern towards creating a positive internal working environment. Moreover, a manager with this attitude may push subordinates towards the same ideals, which create a more efficient environment. In contrast, materialistic and relativistic attitudes contributed negatively towards CSR. This suggests that individuals with these attitude types can create an environment where monetary gain and possession of assets are the only goal, and right and wrong is near irrelevant. This mentality can have a devastating effect on society’s perception of a corporation. Moreover, the connection between working peers can be non-existent, and coordination would lack causing inefficiency. A manager’s attitude can bring about the benefits of a positive working environment by keeping a positive attitude towards a given position in an organization. An attitude based on working towards an end goal, which produces the greatest good for society and a corporation, would be an ideal mentality for any organization. Attitudes contribute to a successful business model because individuals who are satisfied make their duties a part of life, and commit their skills and knowledge to driving the progress and success of the business. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is a theory of human motivation based on increasing levels of needs. This theory suggests that human needs are fulfilled one at a time by accomplishing basic needs and proceeding upwards towards advanced needs. Although there is much debate as to the accuracy of these levels research has suggested a correlation between the fulfillment of these needs and happiness. Managers with an understanding of what level individuals in a team are on can manipulate motivation techniques to stimulate productivity and efficiency. Maslow’s hierarchy can be applied to compensation, job design, management techniques, or anything that requires a higher level of motivation. Maslow’s hierarchy is a systematic way of thinking about the different needs employees have at any given point and explains different reactions they may have to similar treatment (Carpenter, Bauer, Erdogan, 2009.) The definition provided implies that each individual perceives needs differently, and managerial techniques in this context must be applied more specifically. For example, two employees receive a raise after a massive project was finished. The first employee is satisfied with the raise because her safety, and subsequently her physiological, needs had been fulfilled. The second employee felt his needs had not been satisfied. His goal in finishing the project was to prove his worthiness as a manager. His intention through his hard work was to climb the corporate ladder. He was looking to fulfill his esteem and self-actualization needs. Physiological needs are satisfied through compensation, since a paycheck allows individuals to find nourishment, shelter, etc. Compensation can satisfy more than one need, however. Safety needs can be satisfied through benefits such as 401K, health plans, or paid time off. In many ways, compensation satisfies both physiological and safety needs. In addition, organizations must take in consideration the physical safety of employees. Managers have a duty to enforce safety precautions where working conditions may be hazardous. When a position requires employees to take physical risk an organization is expected to protect workers from unnecessary harm, and to compensate for the higher risk. When feelings of anxiety are low safety needs have been fulfilled. Social needs can be met through satisfactory social interaction with others in which there is interaction. The goal in satisfying this need is to cause individuals to feel accepted and loved. In a business context there must be a focus on acceptance over love. Creating a friendly environment is a great start to satisfying this need. Company sponsored games, events, holiday parties, and other social activities are great examples of how to socialize a staff. Also, team meetings where the staff can voice their concerns or ideas can allow team members to better understand each other. Esteem needs can be satisfied after one feels she has been accepted into a group. These needs can be fulfilled through recognition. It must be stressed that individuals enjoy being praised for their accomplishments, but praise only works for a limited amount of time. Managers must look to promote individuals with a high need for esteem. A raise in position and pay communicates an achieved status, and reinforces her ability to achieve corporate goals. Esteem needs lead into self-actualization. This need lies on the top of the hierarchical pyramid. Similar to fulfilling esteem needs, self- actualization can be met by giving an employee more responsibility, greater challenges, or more stimulating opportunities. Self-actualization is characterized by an individual having met all previous needs, and is now using his or her full potential and capabilities. Maslow’s hierarchy is important for organizations to apply. Humans are motivated by particular needs according to their current life situations and future goals. Furthermore, individual needs are in accordance with cultural backgrounds such as race, religion, or country of origin. It must also be noted that individuals are not always striving to fulfill the same needs. The needs model must be applied on an individual basis. Managers who realize their needs are being fulfilled can be used as a resource for understanding their subordinates needs, and act accordingly. When an organization applies this model to a workforce there is an increase in job satisfaction and loyalty. Emotional Intelligence Emotional intelligence is the ability to control extreme changes in mood and emotions, and is a characteristic of an effective and competent leader. When a manager cannot control temporary emotions that are brought on by day to day interactions it can bring an entire organizations progress to a halt. Emotions are contagious and create a domino effect. Simply realizing when a certain emotion is present allows one to better handle temporary emotional fluctuations, while containing it as to not affect others. That being said, it is of utmost importance for a manager to possess a deep understanding of his or her own emotions (self-awareness), and how to deal with each. An individual who is self-aware is humble enough to accept constructive criticism and mature enough to address the areas of concern. The impact of hiring individuals with high emotional intelligence is high productivity and retention of high-quality employees. Golnaz Sadri, PhD, defines E.I. as the ability to accurately perceive emotions, access and generate emotions so as to assist thought, to understand emotions and emotional knowledge, and to regulate emotions so as to promote emotional and intellectual growth, (Sadri, 2012.) The ability to accurately perceive emotions allows one to recognize facial and bodily gestures, and interpret their meaning. A manager who has this ability can intercept other’s cues, or tells, that signal irritability. This skill is recognized as constructive when dealing with scenarios such as a team who can’t come to an agreement, a irate client or customer, or when negotiating. For the most part, emotional intelligence is a learned skill, and an indicator of useful experience. Conclusion Manipulating strong personality traits and striving to improve negative personality traits can have a huge impact on a manager’s career, and more broadly can impact a corporation in tremendous ways. Today manager’s has access to information to help them maximize team productivity using psychology. Using psychological strategies to hire the right employees and build teams is the competitive edge companies need in this tough economic climate. REFERENCES Camgoz, S., Karan, M., Ergeneli, A. (2011). Part II Leadership, Social Capital, and Personality: Relationship Between The Big Five Personality and The Financial Performance of Fund Managers. 15, p139 Carpenter, M., Bauer, T., Erdogan, B. (2009). Need-Based Theory of Motivation. In Principles Of Management (10th ed., p14.1) Hall, M. (2005). Shaping Organizational Culture: A Practitioner’s Perspective. 2(1), p1-16 Kendrick, D. T., Funder , D. C. (1991). Situation versus Personality Debate. Retrieved from http://wilderdom.com/personality/L6-3SituationVsPersonality.html McCrae, R., Costa, P. (1995). Domains and Facets: Hierarchal Personality Assessment Using The Revised NEO Personality Inventory. Journal of Personality Assessment, 64(1), p23 Pannapacker, W. (2012, April 15). Screening Out The Introverts. The Chronicle. Sadri, G. (2012). Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Development. 41(3), p536 Tandon, A., Mishra, S., Singh, E. (2011). What Discriminates The Prospective Manager’s Attitude Towards Corporate Social Responsibility? 10(3), p54-60 Whitbourne , S. K. (2010, October 19). The Neuroticism Paradox | Psychology Today.Psychology Today: Health, Help, Happiness. Retrieved from http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201010/the-neuroticis m-paradox Witt, L.A., Andrews, M.C. (2006). The Predisposition to Engage in Interpersonal Deviance at Work. pHR-F2

Executive Summary of Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Lear

Executive Summary of Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Learning SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Executive Summary This Project Management Plan is the result of the time and energy spent by the members of SQUEAL (Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Learning), who have embarked upon the task of learning about management in an information environment. The path we have chosen is outlined in this document. SQUEAL is devoted to learning how to â€Å"work effectively within a larger organization and to assume managerial responsibilities,† and each of SQUEAL’s members works to achieve this goal through internal, external and personal factors. The Project Management Plan is a guide which SQUEAL has created for itself in order to accomplish our common goals in a timely and thorough manner. The Plan includes an Introduction, Goals and Objectives, a list of Deliverables, the Resources which Squeal has at its disposal, Constraints, Strategy and Actions, our Budget, Controls, a description of our Documentation process, the Review and Appendices. - 1 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.1 Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.2 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..3 Team Characteristics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Ground Rules†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...5 Goals and Objectives†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...6 Deliverables†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...10 Resources†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...12 Constraints†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.14 Strategy and Actions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..17 Budget†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦20 Controls†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..21 Documentation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...22 Review†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...23 Appendix A- Gantt Chart†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦A Appendix B- Budget Time Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦B Appendix C- Time Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.C - 2 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Introduction Students Quietly Undertaking to Encourage Apt Learning (SQUEAL) is a dynamic team comprised of members Brooke Ballantyne, Andrea Freeman, Reece Steinberg and group leader, Carolyn (Cen) Campbell. SQUEAL was formed in January, 2005 in response to a Project Management assignment from Dr. Ken Haycock, ... ... Ending/Evaluation March 8th - April 6th $3,217 * The predicted budget was found by taking total estimated personnel hours multiplied by 20 and then adding all of the additional estimated costs from the Team’s Budget divided by 4. - 26 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives APPENDIX C- TIME SHEET - 27 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives Date Time Expended Details of Activity Total Hours in Phase 1 (Initiation / Concept): (aim for group: 24 individual: 6) timeline: January 10th - January 24th Total Hours in Phase 2 (Planning / Development): (aim for group: 48 individual:12) timeline: January 25th - February 21st Total Hours in Phase 3 (Implementation / Execution): (aim for group: 48 individual:12) timeline: February 12th - March 7th Total Hours in Phase 4 (Ending / Evaluation): (aim for group: 24 individual: 6) timeline: March 8th - April 6th - 28 - SQUEAL LIBR/ARST 570: Management of Libraries and Archives On Monday, January 24 2005, we, the members of SQUEAL, submit this Project Management Plan to Dr. Ken Haycock. All team members have contributed to the plan and agree to follow it to the best of our abilities.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease

i) What causes PID and what happens to the body when someone gets it? Pelvic In?ammatory Disease (PID) occurs when an infection of the cervix, or to a lesser extent the vagina progresses into the upper genital tract, PRODIGY (2005). Warell (2003) de?nes an infection as an invasion of the body by harmful organisms (or pathogens) such as bacteria, fungi, protozoa or viruses. In the case of PID the two most common causes of the initial infection are the bacterium Chlamydia Trachomatis or Neisseria Gonnorhoeae.These two bacteria are most commonly referred to as the sexually transmitted infections (STIs) chlamydia and gonnorhea and are commonly passed through unprotected vaginal intercourse. Both infections present similarly, as in?ammations of the cervix and urethra with the associated symptoms of pain on urination and vaginal discharge. Some infected women however experience no symptoms (Caroline, 2008). Prodigy (2005) discusses how cervical mucus provides a relative barrier to the spre ad of the pathogens and the associated infections, but virulent microbes can traverse cervical mucus, which in any case, is lost during menses.Other factors that may in?uence the spread of bacteria up the genital tract are, pregnancy terminations and the complications arising from dilatation and currettage. Wyatt (2003), discusses, in reference to PID, how once an infection spreads beyond the cervix it can present in various regions of the genital tract: uterus (endometritis), fallopian tubes (salpingitis), ovaries (oophoritis), peritoneum (peritonitis). The assocaited infections/in?ammations can cause various symptoms: Pelvic or lower abdominal pain.Dyspareunia (pain during or after intercourse) Turbo-ovarian abscesses Abnormal vaginal discharge Pelvic peritonitis Perihepatitis (in?ammation of the peritoneum attached to the liver) The severity ranges from chronic low grade infection (with relatively mild symptoms) to acute infection (with severe symptoms) which may result in absces s formation. Salpingitis, or infection of the Fallopian tubes, is a particularly signi?cant feature of PID because of the long term effects after PID including infertility, ectopic pregnancy and pelvic pain.0% of women develop tubal infertility after a single episode, 20% after a second and 40% after three episodes (Prodigy, 2005). In summary PID is a collective term that encompasses a variety of infections of the upper female genital tract. ii) what investigations are considered at hospital and what medications might be prescribed? Warrell (2003), states that there is no symptom, clinical sign, or labratory result that is is pathognomonic (exclusive/unique) in the testing and subsequent diagnosis of PID.The hospital will therefore use a variety of investigations to rule out the likelihood of other diagnosis and allow the most appropriate treatment for cases of suspected PID. Wyatt (2003), advises Accident and Emergency (A&E) staff to ?rst consider whether a patient is presenting wi th any signs/symptoms of shock. If the infection has progressed and there are indications of sceptic or hypovalaemic shock such as tachycardia, pyrexia and assocaited blood pressure abnormalities then the initial treatment is to raise the patient’s legs, resuscitate with IV ?uids and immediately begin IV broad spectrum antibiotics.Sanders (2006) advises other routine tests to help with the differential dianosis for PID which include; appendicitis, endometriosis, ovarian cysts, ectopic pregnancy, other STIs, HIV, urinary tract infection. These tests include: Urinalysis which can to help diagnose and/or rule out the presence of a UTI. A vaginal swab picks up a sample of cells from the vagina which are usually sent to a laboratory for testing. A full blood count (FBC) tests the levels of red cells, white cells and platelets.Abnormalities in these readings can help differentiate between the presence of bacterial or viral infections and/or parasitic/fungal infections. Blood tests are limited in that they do not distinguish what has gone before from what is happening now however they can pick up HIV, hepatitis B and C, herpes virus and chlamydia. Wyatt (2003) also advises that a pregnancy test is needed and if positive, an ectopic pregnancy or other pregnancy complication must be considered. If the ectopic test is negative Ultrasound or endometrial biopsy examined for plasma cells is useful to increases the accuracy of diagnosis.Where symptoms are severe or if initial treatment is unsuccessful a laparoscomy may be considered (Simpson, 2005). Here a rigid viewing instrument called a laparoscope is used to view the inside of the pelvis and the abdomen through small abdominal incisions. The procedure is always performed under a general anasthetic. Among 814 women who underwent laparoscopy because of a clinical diagnosis of PID, 12 per cent had intra-abdominal conditions other than PID: ectopic pregnancy, appendicitis, ruptured ovarian cysts, and endometriosis (P rodigy, 2005).Medications are aimed at eradicating gonorrhea and chlamydia and recommended antibiotics include O?oxacin, Doxycycline and Metronidazole. Ibuprofen is a reccommended analgesia however the choice of analgesia and which route should be guided by clinicla judgement, Prodigy (2005). iii) Discuss Legal (authorised/permitted by law), Ethical (the philosphy of good/bad, right/wrong determined by our cultural/religious and philosophical beliefs) and Capacity (the power to learn or retain knowledge to understand the facts and signi?cance of your behaviour) issues surrounding Lizzy’s views and those of her mother.A signi?cant factor in Lizzy’s case is whether she has capacity. Capacity is de?ned as the power to learn or retain knowledge, and to understand the facts and signi?cance of your behavior (Gillick, 1986). Assessing whether Lizzy has capacity places a responsibility on the practitioner to provide her with suf?cient information to inform her fully of the cli nical importance of seeking immediate treatment. Then assessing whether she understands the risks involved and also if she is able to retain the knowledge long enough to make an effective decision.In the case of Gillick, the court held that children who have suf?cient understanding and intelligence to enable them to understand fully what is involved in a proposed intervention will also have the capacity to consent to that intervention. This is sometimes described as being ‘Gillick competent’. A child of under 16 may be Gillick competent to consent to medical treatment that requires their consent.If Lizzy is deemed Gillick competent and is able to give voluntary consent after receiving appropriate information, that consent will be valid and additional consent by a person with parental responsibility will not be required. It is, however, good practice to involve Lizzy’s family in the decision-making process, if she consents to her information being shared, DOH (200 9). Another challenge arises as Lizzy states her reason for not consenting to travel to hospital is that she is scared her parents will ?nd out about her sexual activity and drug abuse.When assessing capacity you should also ascertain if the patient is free from external pressure to make their own decision? In Lizzy’s case this appears in doubt as she has previously stated that she feels pressured by her mother. There is therefore an argument that Lizzy does not have capacity in these circumstances. There is also speci?c legislation on how to act when there is an issue of contraception , or sexual health in relation to children; Here it is advised that we should try to persuade Lizzy to inform her parents, or allow us to do so.If however she cannot be persuaded, advice and/or treatment should still be given if it is considered that Lizzy is very likely to begin or continue to have sexual intercourse with or without advice or treatment, and that unless she receives the advice or treatment then her physical or mental health is likely to suffer. This is very relevant in Lizzy’s case and poses an ethical question on whether or not to respect Lizzy’s request of con?dentiality between her parents.Each of these possibilities will challenge the practitioner and whilst it is essential that the law is followed it is important to adopt a dynamic approach to Lizzy’s situation and not forget that ultimately it is Lizzy’s ongoing health that is the priority in this situation. iv) discuss the psychological (affecting the mind) and/or social (living with others as oppose to in isolation – developing relationships) effects of peer pressure (social pressure by members of ones peer group to adopt certain values – to conform or to be accepted) in relation to underage alcohol abuse.Since 1990 the amount of alcohol consumed by 11 to 15 year olds who drink has doubled and there has been increases in the numbers of children admitted to hospital as a direct result of their alcohol consumption. Early age of starting drinking is associated with higher trends of alcohol dependence in adulthood and a wider range of other adverse consequences (Donaldson, 2009). Peers play an important role in the onset of drinking behaviours. The effect of peers has been shown to be particularly powerful when parent– adolescent relationships are poorer in quality (Donaldson, 2009).Kroger (2000) identi?es that Lizzy is at the stage of her childhood development where she is asking herself, â€Å"Who am I? † Here adolescents establish sexual, political and career identities and/or may be confused about what roles to play. Identity crises can create storm and stress for the young person. Sociological theory suggest that changes within social roles cause con?ict, e. g. girlfriend and daughter, schoolgirl and work experience. In addition mass media and peers can cause con?icting values for this age; a factor that may be affecti ng Lizzy evidenced by the posters on her bedroom wall.It can be a very dif?cult time for the young person going through this stage of development. Studies such as Adams et al (1994) have found that adolescents report an increase in the importance of peers in adolescence. The proportion of time spent with peers correspondingly increases. Peer relationships also become more intimate than those of preadolescence, with a new focus on sharing secrets and disclosing feelings. Peer groups assume particular importance.Although Lizzy’s alcohol consumption is a concern it could be argued that this is an essential stage in development and here adolescent’s will begin to question whether their relationships are bene?cial or not. It is therefore possible that Lizzy’s drinking is temporary and her self realization of its effects on her life play an important part in how she develops relationships later in her life. v) discuss the advice you would offer promoting the health (a ction to maintain the best possible health and quality of life) of Lizzy considering all the various aspects of this presentation for her future well being.Ambulance services in the United Kingdom are being compelled to move away from being a relatively uncomplicated patient transport system towards becoming part of a fully integrated, national healthcare service offering a holistic approach to patient care (DoH 2005, Ball 2005). Health promotion is the process of enabling people to increases control over, and to improve their health and heir-in health is de?ned as a state of complete physical, mental and social wellbeing (WHO, 1986).The ?rst action to address Lizzy’s health would be to ensure that Lizzy attends hospital. There is evidence from her observations that Lizzy could eventually enter into sceptic shock, which is potentially life threatening therefore this should be the ?rst priority above all other health promotion considerations. If it was unable to ensure this at the scene then Clincial telephone Advice desk should be contacted along with a Duty Station Of?cer and consideration to contacting Lizzy’s GP. Health Education is a process with intellectual, psychological nd social dimensions relating to activities that increase the abilities of people to make informed decisions affecting their personal, family and community well-being.This process, based on scienti?c principles, facilitates learning and behavioral change in both health and personnel and consumers, including children and youth (Ross, 1997). Of the three different methods of health education (Coercion, Persuasion or health empowerment) empowerment focuses on developing decision-making skills and the con?dence to bring about change; the decision on which health actions to adopt is the decision of the practioner.However Lizzy could potentially bene?t more from being given the tools to help herself in this situation and help develop the know-how to help herself at this critical stage of her adolescent development (Hubley, 2008). This is reinforced in the DOH (2006) paper (with relation to year groups 10 to 11 ((14-16 year olds)): pupils develop self awareness and con?dence needed for adult life, further learning and work. They have opportunities to show that they can take responsibility for their own learning and career choices by setting personal targets and planning to meet them.They develop their ability to weigh up alternative courses of action for health and wellbeing (DOH, 2006). The National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) has recommended that offering brief, one-to-one advice on the harmful effects of alcohol use, how to reduce the risks and how to ?nd sources of support is an effective approach for tackling harmful drinking among children and young people (Donaldson, 2009). Lizzy should be informed that contraceptive use in?uences PID rates. Barrier contraception reduces the risk of PID by preventing the acquisition of chlamyd ia and gonorrhea.Lizzy has used condoms however it is likely that she acquired PID on the occasions where she failed to use them (Prodigy, 2005). Another useful approach with considerable potential is that of information shops. These provide health promotion on an informal ‘drop-in’ basis from accessible loctions in high streets and communities (Hubley, 2008). Lizzy should be encouraged to improve her attendance at school; The contribution of schools to public health education and health are mutually reinforcing. Education and learning promote health literacy and an increased capacity to make informed decisions on health matters.A healthy child has a greater potential to bene?t from education than one who has poor health and misses schooling. Health promotion in education settings bene?ts public health in three ways: bene?ting directly the health of the child, promoting future health by providing the necessary understanding, skills values and competencies that they can use in later life, bene?ting the health of the community through the transfer of knowledge and skills from the school back into the home place and community (St Leger, 2001).

Dbq Ratifying the Constitution

D. B. Q. 4: Ratifying the Constitution The Constitution of the United States was written in 1787, yet there was a struggle for its ratification that went on until 1790. Members of Congress believed that the Articles of Confederation, the first government of the United States, needed to be altered while others did not want change. After the Revolutionary War, the people did not want a strong central government, because it reminded them too much of what they were trying to escape. Under the Articles, each state had their own laws, and the need for a new Constitution was desired by many.This desired Constitution created a huge dispute and an argument between people who wanted things to stay the way they were and people who urged to change the Articles. The people who desired change in government were called Federalists. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and Ben Franklin were all a part of the Federalists. The Federalists believed that the economy was in turmoil because of the Articles (Doc 1). Under the Articles each state had its own currency which created a problem for interstate trade. Another issue that the Federalists had was that the rich were not making money.On August 1, 1786, George Washington wrote a letter addressed to John Jay stating that they â€Å"have errors to correct†. In saying this Washington agrees in the fact that the Articles needed to be revised. The Federalists believed that the government trusted the people with too many rights. The states were allowed to refuse the Federal government whenever they chose. The new country that was trying to establish themselves, weren’t united, but instead â€Å"thirteen sovereign, independent, disunited States† (Doc 3). The central government didn’t have enough power under the Articles.The Federalists believed that even though they didn’t want to be ruled again like they were under England’s rule, that it was necessary to have a strong central governmen t. Anti-federalists were the people who believed that the Articles were working perfectly fine and it would be unnecessary to change them. Two of the major leaders of this group were Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson, who was overseas during this time. The Anti-Federalists thought that under the Articles people had the rights that they rightfully deserved. Under the Articles, the poor people benefitted greatly.During the process of trying to get the new Constitution ratified the Anti-Federalists felt that under this new government the rich had all of the power instead of the people (Doc 5). Under the Articles the states had the power to make laws and do whatever they pleased, and to some of the states the idea of changing to a government that the central government had all the power was absolutely absurd. Other people felt as if the new Constitution had no separation of powers. They felt as if the branches had too much power and there was nothing keeping one branch from becoming to o powerful (Doc 2).The Anti-Federalists did not want to be in the same kind of government they fought so hard to get away from. The Anti-Federalists were also frustrated with the fact that the new Constitution laid out all the rules, but did not list any rights the people had. So Federalists came up with the Bill of Rights as a way to get the Constitution ratified. The Bill Of Rights lead the Anti-Federalists to be less fearful of the new Constitution (Doc 6). This guaranteed that the people would still remain to have rights, but the strong central government that the country needed would be approved and put into motion.The arguments over the ratification of the Constitution ultimately came to an agreement. The Federalists and Anti-Federalists came to many compromises during the process of getting the Constitution approved. The Federalists thought that the country needed a strong central government while the Anti-Federalist believed that the Articles were working okay. Eventually, b oth sides came to an agreement and ratified what the United States now knows as the Constitution, and over two-hundred years later the Constitution is still in effect.