The benefits associated with exercising Essay Example for Free

The benefits associated with exercising Essay1. Exercising lowers your risk for diseaseTheres no question losing weight is good for your health, and kicking your fitness up a notch has even greater benefits. Regular exercise has been shown to boost mood and banish anxiety, and lower your risk for stroke, Type 2 diabetes and certain types of rout outcer. It can also help you fall asleep quicker, and into a deeper sleep (just dont exercise too close to bedtime). All great reasons to get your proboscis moving on a daily basis* It burns off blood sugarRecent Czech research showed that three months strength teaching reformd insulin sensitivity in men with insulin resistance. A British study confirmed that exercise was linked to reduced metabolic syndromeand that people who were unfit to start with benefited even more from the physical activity than those who were reasonably fit when they started.* It controls weightExercise burns calories so you lose, or at least dont gain, weig ht. A recent study showed that among people whose BMI averaged 41 (thats morbidly obese) those who lost just 7 percent of their body weight through reparation exercise regained healthy blood pressure and triglyceride levels, and the inflammation in their arteries dropped by between a quarter and a third, even though their BMI still averaged 38 (still too high). Numerous studies have confirmed that you dont need to be skinny to be physically fit.* It cuts total cholesterolThe major and closely important effect of exercise is to raise levels of good cholesterol, thus reducing total cholesterol levels. An international review of multiple studies revealed that adding exercise to a weight-loss forage not only raised the good cholesterol but also increased the benefits of the weight-loss program and reduced triglycerides and blood pressure.* It reduces your heart rateEvery 60 seconds, the average couch potatos heart beats 70 to 75 times. An active persons heart, on the other hand, is s o square that it can pump the same amount of blood in only 50 beats. Thats 36,000 fewer beats every day and 13 meg fewer by the end of just one year. Exercise strengthens your heart and saves it having to bend at a higher rate all the time.* It breaks bad habitsIn a study of 280 women, U.S. researchers found that those who gave up smoking were twice as likely to stay smoke-freeand gained half as much weightas those who gave up without exercising.* It lifts stress and sadnessThe positive effects of exercise on mood were demonstrated in a British study where sedentary adults were haphazardly assigned to moderate intensity aerobic exercise, stretching exercises or none at all, for 12 weeks. Those in the moderate intensity group reported reduced tension, anxiety and confusion. The others did not. Additionally, a Berlin study revealed that just 30 minutes a day of exercise can be more effective than antidepressant drugs in treating depression. Exercise stimulates the brain to produce endorphinsthe bodys feel good hormones. It has two other advantages it acts immediately and has few harmful or dangerous place effects.* It could save your lifeAccording to the World Health Organization, inactivity causes 2 million deaths worldwide annually and is a major factor in pinhead and colon cancer, diabetes and heart disease. The World Hear Federation believes that inactivity is as bad for you as smoking a pack of cigarettes a day. 2. Be a good role modelChild obesity is becoming a serious problem. Approximately 26 percent of Canadian kids aged 2-17 are heavy(a) or obese. Even scarier, stats show that for the first time ever, todays children will have a shorter life expectancy than their parents. With school gym programs being reduced andscreen time on the rise, we need to be our kids fitness role models. Encourage fitness by taking family walks after dinner, or assay out the Family Circus class.3. Exercise boosts energyWinded by grocery shopping or household chores? Regular physical activity can improve your muscle strength and boost your endurance. Exercise and physical activity deliver oxygen and nutrients to your tissues and help your cardiovascular system behave more efficiently. And when your heart and lungs work more efficiently, you have more energy to go about your daily chores.4. Fully enjoy the things you loveThe more fit you are, the easier it will be for you to give birth part in the activities you enjoy. Whether its going for a hike and experiencing the outdoors, or playing with the kids, youll find yourself more able to keep up, and less short of breath.5. go back pain and improve your postureA daily regimen of stretches and exercise can also do wonders for your back. By strengthening your core type AB muscles, youll increase your overall strength, taking the pressure away from your back and helping to alleviate any existing back pain.6. Take some time for yourselfWhether its an early morning jog, an afternoon cycle class or a late night walk with the dog, solo exercise gives you the opportunity to have a few moments of peace and quiet, think about future goals, and take some much-deserved you time. Its also the perfect excuse to listen to your favourite soundtrack while you work out

Trinity by Leon Uris Essay Example for Free

Trinity by Leon Uris EssayOver a career spanning phoebe bird decades, Leon Uris has enjoyed phenomenal popularity, with five of his twelve novels classified as number-one best-sellers by the New York Times. While the shortcomings in his prose, characterization, and political outlook have been well noted, Uris certainly ranks among the more important multicultural writers since World War II.His books explore a number of the defining cultural conflicts of the twentieth century the Nazis attempted extermination of the Jews, the volatile clash between Arabs and Israelis in the Middle East, and the long-running battle between the British and Irish in Ireland, most notably. Millions of readers have learned the tale behind these major intercultural conflicts from Uriss fiction. At its one-year dinner in 1978, at which the benediction was given by a Baptist minister from Belfast, the Gold Medal was awarded to Leon Uris, author of Trinity, a best-selling novel on the troubles in Irela nd.The imperialist British have drawn Uriss frequent ire. He levels harsh criticism against the British in Trinity for their self-interested administration and their ruin to support Ireland in its infancy. In this book, Uris condemns the British for demeaning and subjugating Irish Catholics. He describes the British presence in Ireland as four centuries of tortured foreign occupation. In Uriss version of Irish history, Ulster, now the nation of Northern Ireland, was established as a British plantation, a fortress outpost of colonial growth peopled with British-descended Ulstermen whose hatred of Irish Catholics smells strangely of Aryan supremacy of Nazi ideology.Trinity is a romantic, sentimental fiction about Irelands fight for independence. It feeds the myth of desperate opposition in the face of impossible odds. It is a paean to blood sacrifice, to the idea that the chosen few who are prepared to take upon themselves the burden of history can themselves make history, that blo od sacrifice is a noble and a cleansing thing, that a glorious defeat is a prerequisite to prevailing, that in oddment there is victory. The novels heroes plan revolution in the face of hopeless odds they gladly lay down their lives, eager to embrace a defeat that whitethorn somehow stir the ashes of the people into a series of even more glorious defeats so that over the land long dead stirrings leave alone at last be heard (731).Trinity is bad history but powerful propaganda. It became more powerful still in the stench-ridden wings, where for nights on end the high-minded exploits of Long Dan Sweeney and Conor Larkin and Brendan Sean Barrett, who, in their epic pursuit of Irish freedom, had been incarcerated and abused in captivity, who had endured hunger striking itself a silent defiance became for the prisoners fictional role models with whom they could identify, in- vesting their disagree with a political leitmotif that mirrored their own lives. No crime a man commits on b ehalf of his freedom can be as big(p) as the crime committed by those who deny him freedom, Long Dan Sweeney declares.We engage in a fight vulnerable to scathing propaganda, unloved by most of our own people, but God and God alone will eventually decide which side was just in its aspirations and which side was evil. Remember, he exhorts his fellow revolutionaries, the British have nothing in their entire arsenal of imperial might to counter a single man who refuses to be broken. Irish words, Irish self-sacrifice, and in the long run Irish martyrdom are our weapons. We must have the ability to endure pain to such an extent that they lose the ability to inflict it. This and this alone will break them in the end (466).Fact and fiction reinforced each other. Trinity had its historical counterpoint in 1916, the H-block protest its fictional counterpoint in Trinity. The primitive, repelling circumstances of the H-blocks were often more unimaginable and less real than the imagined circum stances in Trinity. Fantasy fed the heart, and there grew among a number of the blanketmen a belief that a hunger strike would provide the catalytic momentum that would make 1916 come again.This theme of British cultural bigotry is central in Trinity. In the latter, British prejudice extends outward to include the Australians and New Zealanders sacrificed in Ireland has had a troubled history for over 800 years. Leon Uris Trinity deals with various aspects of Irish history. bugger off out about the main events in the history of Ireland and you will understand the present political troubles in modern Ireland.Works CitedUris, Leon. Trinity. New York Doubleday, 1976.

The Influence Of Internet On The Music Industry

The Influence Of Internet On The medical specialty IndustryInternet has made the macrocosm into globose village and the growth occur in earnings technology in a short sp be of judgment of conviction brings come to the fore huge changes in world. The modern trend of business comes as an E- stemma and no one would reserve thought that it volition become the most powerful tool of business. there are galore(postnominal) positive and negative changes made due to profits vast technology.Companies get involve in E-Business and online trading creating sun stand(prenominal) opportunities to research the world and with rapid ever-changing in technology. Companies and organizations startup their business in B2B, B2C businesses with help of net profit excess and digitalization.Literature on the History of Digital Music and changes in Music exertionAccording to the International Trade Union use up the trend in using the internet has rapidly increased in last few old age especial ly in EU-countries and now a days internet is affecting almost all attention in positive and negative change in transitional countries. Great trespass we stand see in industries dealing with goods which can be distri only ifed and digitalized online. In 80s digital revolution took place and affected every(prenominal) aspect of human life and developed a bleak human behavior. Thomas Beecham has said melodyologist is a man who can read music only cant hear it. Music digitalization and distri thation is one of them and this report will discuss the interference between technology changes in music industry. The get-go ever released music album on internet was back in year 1998 and it was a direct released by Chuck D with label Def Jam, this brings bring out the storm in music industry with a new change. This was a bad news for the mainly major companies of industry ruling on the world for almost century. The an early(a) launch on internet did by the Peter Fanning in 1999 and a m illions of people start getting the exchange of music files and it was a threat for the industry.In step with the development of new music formats beca workout of the increasing use of internet (www, emails, FTP chat etc.) their potential usefulness in prevalent of life, users started using internet for a wide range of need like everyday communication, entertainment, education and conducting business online. Music industry needs to get explore and brings out changements and to process and adapt new situation, and the major reason was the foul partition of the money between the artists and his label. The biggest improvement which came with internet that an artist can go his auditory sense with no barrier and filter as in early 60s many musicians try to find out ways to expose their talent but they couldnt get succeed and the talent remains hidden from the world. The independent labels always exist in the industry and being managed by people who loves music.In my raise I will exp lain with my example that the first ever album and band using the internet technology to erect their label and name was from unify Kingdom. In Britain there are lots of bands releasing their music albums everyday and they betray in millions also but the ARTIC MONKEY band from UK understood how to use internet very well for their promotion and marketing and create a huge fan. They released the album and made many burnt CDs with demos of their music and gave away in public freely with their MySpace address and they got succeeded in girding their reputation without releasing anything. The news reported that thousands of fans singing the lyrics of songs and the band creates and achieve hysteria every time they put a new song on MySpace page and these all were not official release, they also provides their future day releases on MySpace. The first song released by the Arctic Monkey was the hit and hit the first place in charts suddenly and their album broke the selling record in fir st week (beating Oasis, Spice Girls, Beatles) and Arctic Monkey proven that internet can be the strength not the threat for industry of music. MySpace have helped various artists and musicians to target their audience in their own bolt of music regardless of label demands.Experts admitted that il healthy downloading of music can never get stop and it messes up the system which is unfair with artist and who paying for albums. BPI (British Phonographic Industry) has joined with IFPI to take legal action against internet file sharing.Research on the Positive Effects on Music Industry81.87% of the entire industry of music was controlled and ruling by four record companies as you can see with the figure shown Fig.1Warner Music Group, Sony BMG Music Entertainment, public Music Group, EMI Group and These are the labels who have money to promote artists through the medium of radio, TV shows, and music videos, most of the artists are not signed or in a contract with these labels but small labels do have to promote their music as they dont have enough money for promotion.MySpacePerforming pay Society is the United Kingdom association of composers, music producers and songwriters, they have announced a strategic partnership relationship with MySpace and both organizations will be work together throughout year 2010. The main aim is to support, share, and discover music for promoting MySpace as the online aim. There is another importance of PRS Music membership for the music on my space generation is one of its kind deals in the music industry.Over a million of bands registered in UK and MySpace is the most popular medium and channel for the new and upcoming artists and music to promote their work. PRS music as go up to more than 65,000 members representing UKs people related with music industry in means of songwriters, composers, and publishers and we have seen a rapid growth in young songwriters.This deal comprises of three core themes building the partnershipUsing MySpace service to communicate to new writers and musicians and promote the importance of the PRS Music membership.Benefits to PRS Music members exclusive offers for the classes of songwriting and competitions and across country promotional activities and campaigns.MySpace Usage existing PRS Music members value the usage of MySpace to engage more fans and wider the industry.There is a partnership between PRS music and My space music and it is connected for 12 months contract and it has the objective and aim to promote and it follows to the latest completion of a PRS music license for to launch a music of MySpace music, and this will provide a new platform the music lovers to download and stream music online and it will be having the catalogue of audio tracks and music videos in a comprehensive quantity.The partnership represents a genuine break to reach and to write lyrics on the new song albums by the writers who are already creating and sharing their music online. MySpace is an un believably powerful tool for the countries like UKs songwriting community and both organizations are fanatical astir(predicate) supporting new musical talent from all over the world. (Jezz Bell, Director Broadcast Online)Music PiracyThe positive part of the music piracy is that it allows listeners to download unknown artists piece of music from internet because they dont like to spend money and experiment with unknown artists. This kind hurt industry because most of the listeners download preferably of buying but on other hand downloader may realize they like the music so they could buy the actual album or other albums of same artist will either to spread the music to their friends who then it can turn in to power to buy the album.Piracy is defined as illegal music theft. (Graham, Music industry finds new beat)In 1999 a new kind of service started which grows rapidly that was Peer-to-Peer (P2P) which was widely used by internet users to share music online. Napster was the leader in the field of P2P music sharing and he introduced this service for the sharing of mp3 music in its designed search engine. Walkman style was introduced and widely available in year 2000 and demand for mp3 format music increased in boom, and 70% of the music lovers used the format.Several issues which are considered by major players of music industry, some of them arePeople prefers to download individual songs not entire albumsPeople search for popular music that is not come-at-able to get in offline stores.People enjoys in sharing music and downloading at zero cost.Internet file sharing becomes the rapidly increasing trend.American ideal can be given as example the contestants gone from TV star to superstar and makes potential money makers every year merely release song to iTunes and make their money and move and if artist doesnt have potential so it doesnt matter to recording company.Online Music DistributionP2P technology led the rise in music piracy through internet and RIAA (Recording Industry Association of America) annual reports show the revenues of CD retail business declining since 2000 till present. In 2004 the orbiculate music piracy was estimated to be worth 4.8 billion sawhorses (Reece, 2004) and for the present music industry it is extremely important issue if the consumers continue to download free music and producers and distributors will not be able to recover their original cost even nor music retailers and recording labels, basically end of day they are out there way to make any money. Therefore the major recording companies have published their own online music sales web poses but its not proven as fortunate idea for them. They changed their strategy making new partners which are specialists for distribution of online music (Graham 2004).Now it is not necessary to buy complete album and digital era is one of the reason for the crises of music companies. Websites like CDbaby.com, Tunecore.com are uploading digital albums for Napster, A MAZONMP3, Rhapsody. Online music stores made music availability easier and widely accessed by internet users, and there are thousands of online store which are working on free downloading system or pay-per-download service. In 21st century iTunes a free software program piece developed by Apple company at Macword in San Francisco and iTunes Music Store (iTMS) is presently the most popular music provider having life-size music catalogue and it allows you to download digital music, videos, ipod games, tv shows, audio books, ringtones and feature length films and these can be used and transferred into iPod and iPhone making more accessible and easy, in year 2004 it exceeded 100 million downloads..Saila-Ngita expressing the experience said that the sites allow music fans to spend much less money than in the past, and Jay Rosental have said just about of this substitutional people go to (the web) instead of buying records.Total industry sales were 10 billion dollar in year 2001 which was 14 billion dollar in year 2000 ( RAII ), revenues from go like Apple iTune and Amazon MP3 are still growing stronger and the spending on music will be knowing down by 4% as forecast in the report by For counterbalanceer Research.The Lala Business ModelPalo-Alto bases LALA, launched in 2007, this model was made and shows that its getting effort for the music industry to make profit and crises it is going through in last few years and the change in new approach of music.Lala providing services to customer offering to download song in just 99cent or pay 10cent for web-hosted song, and it also offering streaming of music and upto 50 songs.Online Music BusinessIn the last decade there was startup of new business and that was selling music online, and this evolution is in no way complete as it moves towards a finish line with rate of one step forward and nine steps step back. The five major events which makes the online business shifted to rapid downslope areLegal version released by Napster.New download store with name Audio LunchBox.Music match added an online store to its music player.Apple estimator made its iTunes player and music store available to all Users.EMusic added rules to its music services.The war of digital music stores started in mid of 1995 when an American New York base company Sonicnet started offering music singles for download. In that artists were suppose to put prices for the download, but that time the audio quality was not good enough and the internet speed very slow and it took too much time to download a single track. Sonicnet was not a moneymaker venture but the nub they try to promote that internet can be the place for artists to promote their music and control their profit.The golden age of music downloading was summarized in a catchphrase All you can eat. Online music companies offering fans to access and download music by paying monthly fee but so far it is not successful as free unauthorized service available for the us ers to download without paying a penny and the reason the authorized services is not successful and accomplish goal is the lack in cooperation for record companies and publishers.With the success of iTunes Music Store other services also rushing and copying it but its knockout for them to get success, that hasnt stopped the competition Buymusic an online song store has going little far for it, and Musicmatch which has integrated like an Apple-store. But the greatest competition for iTunes is the new Napster legal version 2.0 which is providing services to PC users combines the selling of songs of iTunes and members can subscribe and access as many songs to download.The other competitor in Online music business is iPod but its format is different and wont be flocking with Napster. The biggest disappointment in recent trend of online was announcement from eMusic to limited download because of the financial, legal and technological pressure. It has the specialize site in independent a nd alternative for the music lovers offering their subscribers to download music.The other name involve in the business is Rhapsody have the best quality and selected songs collection.Ideas for future and ConclusionIn conclusion we see the music industry has a tie with new technology over the decades and internet music download can be advantage and disadvantage and there is a battle going illegal downloader and recording companies. In short internet has a big impact on the revenue of music industry.It has forced the industry to change and adapt (Blethen).Music downloading effects are clear visible on the music industry as only 15% of the music albums making money as report released by RIAA (2005 RIAA Consumer Profile), and there is no long term increase in album sales, exposure of music and artists are smaller known. The grow of smaller known artists can change the entire soundscape of industry as many of the artists are not concentrating on making good music and the big recording c ompanies are forcing an artist to create music and they can know will sell and hiring their own producers. Lesser known artists are the artists experimenting new ideas, instruments and structure and they working with smaller labels generally so these can produce an influence on the rest of music industry and industry instead of attacking piracy they should realize new ideas to stop and benefit the industry. Instead of encrypting CDs and shutting down websites and spending millions lobbying, they should build up a new system where all music is accessible for free and very it can has the easy links to online stores of customer likes so he can buy it, and this even should be provided on cheap prices, quick and inexpensive way and this will help artists also to get promotion.

Literature On Solid Waste Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences Essay

Literature On self-colored harry Management In Nigeria Environmental Sciences actResearch both past and present into whole louse up in Nigeria like most ontogeny countries with an absence of adequate strong be adrift vigilance system has been foc utilize more on adequate collection and electric pig options than on the expend generators, storage or even an avenue for rot decline which maintenances in reuse and recycle, hence creating reputation gaps. These gaps ar areas that need to address to ensure that there is a sustainable instruction of lusty shove along generated to prevent environmental hazards.2.1.1 Purpose of the Literature ReviewThis chapter review gives an everywhereview of the situation of straightness hazardous care in evolution countries critically examining and summarising studies by versatile researchers in academic books, professional and academic journals, published and unpublished works and electronic media. This literature review would aid in identifying grant methodology to pass on the aim of this research.In addition, kickoff separation a relatively understudied concept has been identified and recommended by many researchers as an avenue for waste decrease. It has as well as been suggested as providing alternative intend of practicing proper waste trouble apart from collection and disposal. (Cointreau-Levine Gopalan, 2000Imam et al, 2008)This study into institutional loyal waste management with the aim of identifying dynamics that influence/affect separation at source at classs in the campus will create a means of addressing waste reduction and proper murder of solid waste management options. According to UNEP (2005), the logical starting point for the proper management of solid waste is to subjugate the amounts of waste managed, either colloquially within the generators site or formally (externally) by an another(prenominal)wise entity once the waste is discarded by the generator. Thereby reducing waste quantities self-collected or otherwise managed.2.1.2 Literature SearchThe search for literature underside be very time consuming and futile if proper strategies are not developed. To aid in the literature search, the following was preparedFirstly, the topic, boundary (Developing countries Nigeria) and job statement was agreed on. Then I identified of the disciplines with a stake in solid waste. They includeHealth, Science and TechnologyWaste Waste ManagementEnvironmental UrbanSecondly, Keywords broad and narrow were developed. They areMunicipal potent waste , unbendable waste ManagementInstitutional potent WasteSeparation at source , Source separationWaste separationism, separationHousehold solid waste manag*Participation/Incentives in solid wasteMotivating factors, attitudinal behavioursSolid waste management in NigeriaUniversity of BeninTo this end, the rootage sought the advice of the WEDC resource centre manager. She showed me books and journals on solid waste ( management) but told me that most of the journals were available online for latest on any research and my search will be more extensive using the inter electronic network. She excessively recommended the use of Loughborough University, search engine Metalib, for searching and interrogation of the various infobases for articles and journals on the subject matter (Science direct, CSA illumina)Following her recommendation and my initial write up, a data interrogation search was done using Metalib on the following database using the keywords in a higher property, either truncated, with * or adding two keyword together using the OR because the AND was giving strange data .Environmental Sciences and Pollution management Abstracts (CSA Illumina)Aqualine (CSA Illumina)Science DirectFrom this site, the following journals were found with relevant data.Waste ManagementWaste Management and Researchhabitat InternationalEnvironmental ManagementResource, Conservation and RecyclingGoogle Searc h Engine and Goggle Scholar were searched using the keywords above.The sources of information obtained includeMore Journals articles from the above declared journalsSolid waste Management Volume 1United Nation Environmental Programme (UNEP)J.C Agunwanba(Google scholar) with articles on Waste management in some part of NigeriaThe World Bank Urban Solid Waste management (community initiatives)WEDC WELL factsheets and studies solid waste managementI chose this approach to ensure an extensive and appropriate search in all areas of solid waste management and Research into developing countries of which Nigeria is apart. My use of the Internet was to ensure that as many recent journals, conferences and researches in Nigeria are available for scrutiny.This systematic review will initially focus on identifying waste characteristics and components, then the roles and involvement of the varied stakeholders, their lieus and perspectives towards waste and terminally the different concepts o f source separation as it is practiced. This would help in analyzing and recognizing the past and present problems and solutions in cities and universities in developing countries specially Nigeria.The summary section would scrutinize the methodologies utilise in the above reviewed literature and its adaptation for use in this research. Also included are the main findings from the reviewed literature and the gaps in noesis this research aims to address.2.2 Solid waste management practices in Developing countries.In an attempt to accelerate the pace of its industrial development, an economically developing nation whitethorn fail to sacrifice adequate attention to solid waste management. Such a failure incurs a severe penalty later in the form of reusable resources needlessly lost and a staggering adverse impact on the environment and on public health and safety.(UNEP, 2005) This is the problem presently facing most developing countries rapid population growth cod to rapid urban development hence more waste to manage. (Singhal Pandey, 2001)2.2.1 Waste Generation and CompositionThe saying goes that if you quarter measure it you cigaret manage it this is a viewpoint that is especially important and a solution that most developing countries have not been able to pass in solid waste management. There is no measure of the waste generated and so management becomes difficult and inefficient.According to( Vaughan , 1971), information on the composition and step of solid waste is indispensable to design, implementation and operation of any solid waste management system of today and helps to forecast the requirements of tomorrow.As express above most developing countries are plagued with solid waste management problems that are degrading the urban environment and posing a serious threat to the inherent resources and consequently holding back development (Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) solving this problem will require knowledge nearly the per capital waste genera ted, composition and also attitudes towards waste. The authors found that there are many variables that affect the composition and the quantities of waste generated this include population growth, the socioeconomic factors (income, education, age, land ownership) which is the reverse for most developed countries.The major constituents of developing countries waste is about 66% organic, which is about 30% of the total waste generated showing that composting, would be a very good way of waste management (recycle). (ibid)2.2.2 Institutional ArrangementThe key institutions responsible for solid waste management servings include public area, formal individual(a) orbit, intimate private sector and community based non-governmental organisations. (ABC, 1988) The proper identification of their roles and responsibilities has been cited as a major influence in a sustainable solid waste management. At present, the public sector is responsible for service delivery of solid waste management in most developing countries and they are finding it difficult due to the rapid explosion in population growth hence more waste to manage. Some major problems that affect the municipalities inadequacy to provide good solid waste system include poor planning, lack of experienced staff, inappropriate equipments and technology, meagre funds and landfill sites for disposal.( Coad, 2005 Hossain Siwar 2002).Collection, transportation and disposal have been a major problem in delivering efficient solid waste management services. In India cities collection efficiency is between 40 -70 % due to inadequate transport capacity and wanting(p) workforce even with the municipalities allocation of 85-90% of the total budget to the service (Nema, 2004 Sharholy et al 2008)To rectify this inadequacy and provide better services some sources have recommended institutional changes like privatization transferring of the responsibilities to private sector while the public sector deals with policies and rulers (Hossain Siwar, 2002 Cointreau-Levine et al, 2000 World Bank,2003). The authors have argued that privatization will reduce the burden on government, gain the efficiency and effectuality of municipal solid waste (MSW) services, decreases costs, source reduction and improve recycling thereby reducing the waste that goes for final disposal and increasing the life motorcycle of disposal sites. They also state that this can only work with sustainable frameworks back up by viable government policies and regulations.Poor solid waste management creates serious threat to human health and well-being especially with indiscriminate throw dumping which clogs drains and sewerage creating breeding grounds for rodents and insects leading to disease dissemination and ground piss contamination.( Majani,2000Gonzenbach. Coad, 2007 Kumar et al, 2009)To aid in proper solid waste management certain cities have set rules (Bennagen et al ,2002 Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009) to necessitate the manda tory segregation of waste at generators level and also the concordance between collection and disposal facilities to ensure the establishment of local recycling and composting plants.The study showed that households were ready to enroll and their participation would increase if there was going to be regular collection, variable user charges and appropriate garbage collection i.e. not collecting both usefuls and other waste in the same vehicle. (Bennagen et al., 2002)Informal SectorThe role of the informal sector (waste pickers, scavengers, sweepers) in solid waste management is identified as been life-and-death in waste reduction though to what amount it cannot be effectively determined.(Wilson et al , 2006). Most of their activities are driven by the need to supplement income and to reduce poverty. They operate at all levels in the solid waste chain from generation to disposal removing the recyclables and trading it. These waste pickers with organisation and support would create jobs for the minority in the society, reduce poverty, save municipalities money, improve industrial competitiveness, conserve natural resources and protect the environment. The government in many developing countries Argentina, Brazil, India, Uruguay, Colombia, Mexico have identified the necessities of recognising and identifying this stakeholders especially in light of attaining Goal 7 of the millennium development goals thereby creating an inclusive, socially desirable, economically viable and environmentally sound solid waste management system. Waste pickers activities are recognised for their role in reducing the waste to be collected transported and disposed e.g. Jakarta 25% reduction. (Medina, 2008)2.2.3 Attitudes and PreferencesAttitude is termed in this study as the feeling and thoughts while intelligence is insight and awareness which encourages participation.To ensure the sustainability of any SWM system there has to be a change of government perception to that of recog nising the importance of heap. The current global challenges of urban solid waste (Ali, 2006(Ed)) states demand a people centred approach, change in public attitude to consumption and increase relationship between the people and the government. With new approaches to waste management to tackle the challenges of the change magnitude waste generated by the population, increased cost of waste management leads to increase user charges. This (ibid) stated will only be sustainable if the government recognises the importance of people in planning, designing and operating any solid waste system.Bisson (2002) stated that since waste is a product of human behaviour, to maintain a good waste management we need information on the behaviour and attitude of people with regard to waste and accurate data on waste generationSource separation and other recycling practices at households is greatly supported in its role to reduction of waste, municipality costs but in practice might not be successful because of the understanding of funds and the workload involved. (Chung S.S C.S Poon, 1996 Ghorbani et al, 2007). The authors reason out that economic incentives as well as education about environmental benefits of waste separation by householders would result in active participation of people in separating wastes in the home. Chung S.S C.S Poon (1996) further found that consumption rate might increase if waste is recycled hence education awareness programs. They suggested that the involvement of all household members and not only the housewives, binary not multiple separation schemes will further increase its success rate.One likely consequence of households acquiting cozy attention to their refuse is that people will become more aware of the waste they generate and will become less wasteful thus save resources and further reducing collection costs. (Kassim, 2006)Various authors (Bennagen., June 2002 Sujauddin.,M., et al 2008) have reported that there is an eagerness for com munities to participate in solid waste management schemes, pay for services but the payment should not be unit but as per user and with government support.2.2.4 Source SeparationSource separation match to GDRC (n.d) is the setting aside of compostable and recyclable materials from the waste stream before they are collected with other MSW, to facilitate reuse, recycling, and composting. During the UN conference in Johannesburg in 2002 reduction of waste done source separation was affirmed as one of the steps, which the local government can implement to maximize environmental sound waste use, recycling and diversion of useful materials from the waste stream.Facing the problems of solid waste management, (Strange, K 2002 UNEP, 2005) argues can be done through plans and programs which encourage source separation and this he stated will help in minimising waste for disposal. Schbeler et al (1996) further added that the introduction of source separation ought to be in a pragmatic and a dditive manner beginning with pilot activities to access and encourage the interest and willingness of users to participate.In most developing countries, the practice of source separation is by the informal sector at a very tenuous scale. In cities of developing countries, source separation provides a means of employment, reduces the total amount of waste for disposal, and at landfills through the support of governing bodies and community based organisation (Lardinios Furedy, 1999 Fehr et al, 2009)Waste separation increases the quality of produced compost and recyclables, and optimizes incineration. It also enables better financing of waste management activities and minimizes the cipher and labour inputs to any downstream processes (Murray, 1999).Source-separation pilot programs have been tested in some developing countries but total recovery of recyclables have been hindered due to the overlarge amount of irrigate contents in the waste and high percentage of food waste food wa ste (Zhuang et al,2007 Tadesse., 2008),The motivations for materials separation and reuse in developing countries include scarcity or expense of virgin materials the level of absolute poverty income supplement, the frugal values of even relatively well-to-do households and the large markets for used goods and products made from recycled plastics and metals. (UNEP, 2005 Sarkhel Banerjee, 2009 Fehr et al, 2009) Fehr et al (2009) further recommended the introduction of legal instruments within a municipal model that mandate source separation and encourages educational and legal measures for solid waste management success.(Joseph, 2006 Zhuang et al, 2007 Fehr et al, 2009 agree that any source separation program needs people centred participation, monitoring, awareness creation and support.Below are some of the returnss of source separated over co-mingled wasteTable 1 Separate/mixed collectionSeparate CollectionMixed CollectionExtends landfill life. Removes potential recyclables from t he waste stream.Lowers net disposal costs.Done by the household. No extra cost for the community.Highly applicable to residential waste.Industrial waste may be recycled through industrial waste exchanges.An effective and reliable tool for recycling.Can be implemented on small-scale, then expanded.Recyclables are usually uncontaminated by garbage and other debrisIt is not time or space consuming for the residents.The facility does not need additional space to handle recyclables.Basic technology is requisiteThe effectiveness of the collection system does not depend on how people prepare recyclables.There is no need for established secondary marketsGuidelines for Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Mediterranean Region ( )2.2.5 Solid waste practices in universities of developing countriesHigher institutions have the responsibility of having high moral and good obligation to the environment because they are expected to produce leaders in environmental protection movement.Armijo de Vega (2008) research acknowledges the good use of campuses as a solecism study for solid waste management (SWM) options for the following reasonsNot much has not been reported on the topic,They been independent to a great extent, campuses can conform to pioneering SWM approaches that can filter down to other communities later,Thirdly, since it involves students at various levels it can serve to sensitize as well as easily train them in good SWM practices, andFinally, SWM practices adopted by higher education institutions have a great potential of being adopted by surrounding communities because these institutions generally are held in high esteem.The efforts towards responsible waste management should stem from these institutions. Besides, appropriate waste management would bring benefits to the institution such as a reduction of the financial resources destined to waste management, but, above all, it would set an example to the students and the community. (Mbuligwe .2002 Maldona do, 2006) Furthermore the authors discovered that the type of waste generated on campus (recyclables and organic) provides a lot of avenue for reuse, recycling and recovery thereby reducing the quantity of waste disposed in landfill by more than 60%.(ibid)2.3 Solid waste management Practices in Nigeria2.3.1 Waste CompositionNigeria is a nation that exemplifies chronic solid waste management problems in conjunction with population growth. It is the most populous country in Africa, with over120 million residents (World Bank 1996), and over the past 50 years, has had the third largest urban growth rate in the world at 5.51% annually (UNWUP 1999).In Nigeria though there has been some studies into the determination of waste composition and generation to enhance the provision of solid waste management services, this studies are outdated (Adedibu 1985) or have been done at the landfills (Mbuligwe., 2002). This does not take into consideration the quantities of waste that are separated by t he waste pickers and animals before collection. (Ogwueleka, 2009 Iman et al 2008 ) agree that indistinctive legislative policies and regulation, lack of data on the generated waste, inappropriate technology for collection and disposal, no planned framework and inadequate population characteristics are some of the factors affecting the knowledge of municipal solid waste composition in Nigeria to develop better disposal methods. Other factors include political, economic and social.The majority of substances composing municipal solid waste include paper, vegetable matter, plastics, metals, textile, rubber and glass (Ogwueleka, 2009Imam., 2008). They found that the major component of solid waste is organic waste (40-64%) which is wetter, corrosive with high assiduity (Ogwueleka, 2009)and agree that composting will be an adequate solid waste practice to reduce the waste especially (Iman et al 2008) with the removal of government subsidies for the sale of fertilizers creating a market fo r it.Controlled landfill (Adedibu, 1985) stated is another SWM option for disposal. This is not recommendable because of the complex technology and funds which the government cannot provide. Efficient recycling and composting could save 18.6% in waste management costs and 57.7% in landfill cost (Agunwamba, 1998).Waste characteristics vary according to season, population, climate, and industrial production, the size of markets for waste materials and the extent of urbanization, effectiveness of recycling, and work reduction. (Ogwueleka, 2009). Other factors affecting increased waste generation among residents in Nigeria cities are change in social economic and educational circumstance.2.3.2 Attitudes and PerceptionsAccording to (Agunwamba, 2003 Iman et al 2008) public awareness, social ideals, beliefs and attitudes to waste can affect all stages in the solid waste management process. This has an impact on household waste storage, waste segregation, recycling, collection frequency, li ttering and fly-tipping (illegal dumping), willingness to pay for waste management services, and the level and type of opposition to waste treatment and disposal facilities.In Nigeria, the general public attitude towards waste management is poor. . A man may live in a neatly kept house but refuse to cooperate with his fellow residents in keeping the surroundings of the building clean. As long as the waste materials are not inside his house, he feels no concern. Government attitude towards solid waste management is the introduction of in appropriate technology without the consultation of the people using the services (Agunwamba, 1998). In addition, they consider the informal sector a menace (Ogwueleka, 2009) and try all means to eradicate them.Most Nigerians associated wealth with lavish spending, which generates much waste as a by-product. They perceive waste pickers/workers as poor and so make elfin or no effort to cooperate in waste management activities. Similarly, in homes wast e removal to bins classified as childrens work. Since the bins were not designed with, their small stature wastes are dumped on the ground, creating more work for the waste workers and increasing collection time reducing efficiency. (ibid)As for the waste workers, poor remuneration and doldrums in promotion has created a reduced interest in proper solid waste management. They go about doing their jobs haphazardly. The poor attitude to waste been exhibited can be changed with proper enlightenment programs and patient extension efforts that are reinforced continuously even after project completion. This will negate ignorance, materialistic tendencies, and stolidity and reinforce their responsibility to the environmental. (Agunwamba, 1998)2.3.3 Institutional ArrangementWith knowledge of the illegal dumping of toxic waste in June 1988, (Adegoroye., 1994) the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA) was created. The turning point Federal legislation on environmental protection in Nigeria was the decree Number 58 of 1988, which established the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). The limited role of FEPA with respect to solid waste management is to (Onibokun, 1999)Study the most reliable systems that are appropriate for local, domestic and industrial wastes.Specify waste disposal and treatment methods that take into consideration the geological and environmental setting and encourage recycling.Specify waste disposal sites that guarantee the safety of surface and underground water systems.Set up and enforce standards for adequate sanitary facilities for the disposal of human and other solid wastes in dwellings, housing estates and public facilities in both urban and rural areas.Establish monitoring programmes including periodic surveillance of approved waste disposal sites and their surroundings and waste water systems.Establish monitoring stations for the construe of the disposal of leachate from dumpsites into surface water and groundwater syst emsUnder this Act, all states and local government set up their own environmental protection body for the protection and melioration of the environment within its jurisdiction. In 1999 (Ogwueleka, 2009), FEPA was taken over by the Federal Ministry of Environment to combat some of the challenges faced which include absence of pollution waste management laws, lack of environmental enforcement, funding, role conflicts power play between FEPA workers and some powerful individuals whose companies not ready to pay for services. It still conformed to all the regulation stated above but even with this change of hands, there was still inadequate provision of solid waste services in Nigeria.According to (Imam et al, 2008 Ogwueleka, 2009) solid waste management in Nigeria is characterised by in efficient collection methods, insufficient coverage of the collection system and improper disposal. Lack of institutional arrangement, insufficient funds absence of standards and by-laws, insufficient information on waste composition and quantity, inflexible work schedule and inappropriate technology transfer are the mutual constraints faced by environmental agencies in solid waste management.75-95% of the revenue of solid waste is spent on collection and disposal and only 40-70% is collected from the urban areas. Most of the rural areas have no SWM facility.Presently emphasis is been focused on better institutional arrangement through privatization and less on collection and disposal due to the inadequate government service delivery. Privatization is been tested in cities like Abuja (Imam., 2008), Lagos (Ogwueleka, 2009) and Benin (Ogu., 2000) but have not improved the service delivery due to all the factors above including corruption, lack of planning of route service delivery, affordability and acceptability.Finally, (Ogwueleka, 2009) argued that since in Nigeria there is an abundance of cheap labour the use of a low capital cost and labour intensive solution that reduces pov erty will be preferred. It should include low technology like handcarts and pickup trucks for collection, informal sector involvement (waste pickers), training, local waste recycling and reduction projects, transfer stations to reduce operating cost, community participation and involvement.In conclusion Adegoreyo, (1994) stated that stable leadership and firm commitment of government in formative years to any enforcement programme with set goals, objectives and responsibilities including capacity building should be design to ensure the improvements.2.3.4 Source SeparationStudies into source separation in Nigeria though it is highly relevant according to most researchers are not been preformed. (Onibokun., 1999 Ogu., 2000 Agunwamba, 2003).This has constrained the author to review literature of other developing countries, implementation methods and success rate of source separation to infer if it will adequate for Nigeria.The scavengers do little or no form of recycling it is more of reuse. (Agunwamba, 2003)Informal PracticesIn Nigeria, gifts of clothes and goods to relatives, charities, and servants as a means of source separation are significant in waste reduction. However, the greatest amount of materials recovery is achieved through the following(a) Itinerant waste buyers (IWBs) These are waste collectors who often go from door-to-door, collecting specific recyclable materials and/or organic wastes from households, which they buy or barter. Individual IWBs tend to specialize in one or two kinds of materials.(b) Street waste picking tributary desolate materials recovered from mixed waste found on streets or extracted from communal bins before collection.(c) Municipal waste collection crew Secondary raw materials recovered from vehicles transporting waste to disposal sites.(d) Waste picking from dumps Waste pickers/ scavengers sort through waste before it is covered at the site of final disposal, which is still generally open dumping in Nigeria. (Wilson et al, 2009)From the point of view of waste reduction, the traditional practices of repair and reuse, and the sale, barter, or gift-giving of used goods and surplus materials are an advantage to the poorer countries. Quantities of inorganic post-consumer wastes entering the MSW stream would be higher if these forms of waste reduction did not exist.(UNEP,2005)Formal Practices.There is no formal practice in place for source separation at present although Federal Ministry of Environment (2000) specified in the Blue print for municipal solid waste management (MSWM) in Nigeria that separation at source is one of the viable alternatives/complement to an integrated solid waste management programme.2.3.5 Solid waste practices in universities in Nigeria2.4 Solid waste practices in University of Benin, Benin-CitySolid waste management in the university is the collection and disposal of waste. The waste generated is placed in bins for collection. There is no informal sector to do any separation t hough some of the waste workers salvage the useful recyclables for reuse but this does not even account for up to 1% of the total amount generated. Most times the waste generated is so much that not all the waste is removed during collection so decomposition begins on the left over waste, which will cause bad odours and breeding grounds for rodents and disease carrying insects. Some leachates are also produced which might pollute the land and water around. The final disposal site for the waste is an open dump that allows further pollution because there is no control over waste deposited or the by-products of open dump disposal. Without adequate attention, there is a major risk to the health of the staff and students in the university and to the environment.3. Summary of Literature Review3.1 MethodologiesMost of the researches into waste photograph were studied using quantitative and qualitative methods (questionnaires, interviews, observation, focus groups and fieldwork) this is to ensure the viability of the studies and close the loop (Chung S.S Poon C.S.,1996 Ghorbani M. et al , 2007Imam., 2008). For sampling, random sampling was employed since some information about the sample space is known

why workers with dangerous jobs are paid

wherefore workers with good jobs atomic number 18 salaried(a) Explain why workers with dangerous jobs are paid more than workers with less dangerous jobsThe competition in the job market had shown an upward turn when we talk about the opportunities for the job seekers. There are alter fields for the job seekers who go for the job according to their qualification and experience. But an another(prenominal) factor is also very vital when a person seeks a job his / her own choice regarding environment and the workplace safety is equally important. Some people like to work in office due to the peaceful, uncontaminating and clean environment precisely the same paradise may be hell for others just because they placenot handle the mental stress attached with the office jobs e.g. Accounting, finance etc. On the other hand nigh people enjoy the jobs in the field of marketing which would not be accepted by those who like to work in isolation. But there are some jobs which are consider ed dangerous due to the nature of workplace. Although none of the workers may like to go for the dangerous site but the additional compensation finds attraction of some workers who opt for the dangerous work. So, keeping in view all these factors the compensation package of the employee can be assessed.Normally the jobs which require amplyer qualified persons are highly paid than the jobs with lower qualified persons. It is considered that the contrastingial amount paid to the higher improve person in compensation of the additional payment made by the person to choose the education. The workplace area and the safety at workplace get a quick attention of the employees to demand extra wages. Smith used the words hardship, disagreeable and dirtiness for the work of colliers in Newcastle to explain why they realize two or three times more than common laborers in Scotland (1976).The hedge below shows the mortality array of ten highly dangerous vocations. The statistics micturate been collected by the Bureau of Labour Statistics. These statistics have been published on CNN referring to an 18 year old logger who was killed on December 3, 2002. It clearly depicts that the take chances factor involved in these jobs classifies them in the category of additional compensatory jobs.*Selected occupations had a minimum of 30 fatalities in 2002 and 45,000 employed.According to the table it is clear that the Timber Cutters are facing the about risk and the rate of mortality has been the highest for them. People involved in fisheries are at second in the table with fatality rate of 71.1. Pilots and navigators are at third with the mortality rate of 69.8.According to the table all these people are concerned with working outdoor except the geomorphologic metal work which is also carried on outdoor mostly. People involved driving, sailing, or flying the vehicles are all in the list which shows that all the jobsThe table above has been plotted as a chart belowThe graph ab ove shows clearly that normally there are outdoor jobs which are considered the most dangerous jobs. Therefore people in these jobs need the security and compensation as an attraction to continue doing the job. Employers, therefore offer special allowances and compensations along with medical exam facility, insurance, housing etc. Not only the risk involved in the jobs but makes it paid higher but there are some other factors as well but keeping our intervention limited to the topic those are ignored here.Some salient factors have been given below which shows why the workers with dangerous jobs are paid more.There is a guide threat to a workers health and life. If a worker gets hurt due to the nature of job, he may loose any part of body and sometimes even the life. Although there are certain health safety policies adopted by the employers for their workers but the worker s are also required to take precautionary measures for the sake of his / her safety. A direct threat to his / her life means a direct threat to his / her dependents as well. Therefore an additional compensation is very much necessary for his / her and his / her family.Different jobs have different health hazards and by implication different life expectancies. Workers in dangerous jobs are assumed to get a higher wage to compensate for the lower life expectancy and by mensuration the size of that premium you can get a rough measure of the value of an extra year. It turns out that this calculation gives a strong effect the bench mark calculation assumes that a ten percent increase in life expectancy will generate a 0.24 percentage points increase in modify GDP growth.Although there may not be any physical threat to the worker due to the employers safety policy but still some of them get their nerves trapped by the dangerous workplace environment. In other words the worker needs compensation for the stress and anxiety he has to face due to the workplace. For example army at high peaks is al lowed extra allowance for the isolation at glaciers.The dangerous jobs also need a high level of hard work and physical efforts which is normally more than the efforts required in normal physical labour. Therefore an extra physical effort of the workers must(prenominal) be compensated by the employer.The dangerous jobs being offered outdoor normally require the workers leave their homes and get a home sickness allowance against it. So the workers normally get the risk allowance plus the additional home sickness allowance at the cost of leaving their spouse and kids home.Concluding the discussion above, it is evident that the dangerous jobs are facing high risk increasing the life uncertainty of the workers. They need life insurance for their life for their families and dependents.REFERENCESOnline Dictionaryhttp//www.merriam-webster.comSolomon. W. Polachek W. Stanely Siebert, economic science of Earnings. Cambridge University Press 1993Americas most dangerous jobs The top ten most dangerous jobs in America. Les Christie, CNN/Money Contributing Write http//money.cnn.com/2003/10/13/pf/dangerousjobs/The Human reading Index. A better way of measuring welfare?Notes on Nick Crafts, The human development index and changes in standard of living some historic comparisons. European Review of Economic History, Vol 1, 1997http//www.econ.ku.dk/kgp/doc/Lectfrms/the%20human%20development%20index.pdfWikipadeia, Internethttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compensating_wage_differentialBureau of Labour Statisticswww.bls.gov

The Roaring Twenties :: American America History

The Roaring TwentiesAmericans, in the years following the end of World War I found themselves in an era, where the people simply wished to detach themselves from the troubles of atomic number 63ans and the rest of the world. During the years of the Twenties, the economy was prosperous, there was widespread social reform, new aspects of culture were established, and people found better shipway to improve their lifestyle and enjoy life.The 1920s exemplified the changing attitudes of Americans toward foreign relations, society, and leisure activities. Following the end of World War I, many Americans demanded that the United States stay out of European affairs in the future. The United States Senate eventide refused to accept the conformity of Versailles which officially ended World War I and provided for the establishment of the League of Nations. The Senate chose to refuse the Treaty in the fear that it could result in the involvement of the United States in future European wars. Ame ricans simply did not wish to deal with, nor tolerate the problems of Europe and abroad.There were many problems running rampant throughout the country following the conclusion of the war. One of the greatest problems which arose was the Red Scare which was seen as an international commie conspiracy that was blamed for various protest movements and union activities in 1919 and 1920. The Red Scare was touched off by a national distrust of foreigners. many Americas also kept a close eye on the increasing activities of the Klu Klux Klan who were terrorizing foreigners, blacks, Jews and Roman Catholics.Once Americans put the war behind them, they were able to forget the problems of European affairs, and focus on the country, their town, and themselves. Americans found themselves in a period of reform, both socially and culturally. Many feared that morality had crumbled completely. Before World War I, women wore their hair long, had mortise joint length dresses, and long cotton stocking s. In the twenties, they wore short, tight dresses, and rolled their silk stockings down to their knees. They wore flashy lipstick and other cosmetics. Eventually, women were even granted the right to vote with the laissez passer of the 19th Amendment. It was up to this time period that women were not seen as an important aspect in American society. As if rebelling from the previous position of practically non-existence, women changed their clothing, their fashion, and even cut their hair shorter into bobs which were very similar to the style of men.

Piercing :: essays research papers

A Piercing Look at rules of orderIf it sticks out, pierce it is a motto for dead body keen. In the past decade, body discriminating has steadily evolved to be part of a trendy fashion statement that is spreading like Parkey throughout the American society. Body piercing is an American style fad. (Wattenberg) The influence of fashion is the most powerful pressure there is. The once rebel art of body piercing done only by so called freaks of society is now a trendy fashion practiced by many.The trend of body piercing was partly sparked by models and MTV. Piercing gradually shed its outlaw image and was mass marketed to the impressionable generationby music videos, rock stars, and models. (Leo) Piercings are also comprise on celebrities whose lives are so torn apart by the media that nothing is kept secret. News would eventually reach the public, which would spark a trend in admirers. Piercing also appears on the Tattoodles Doll in toy stores, and as games on the Internet such as Piercing Mildred. Through these style of piercing has grown to become acceptable by all ages from children means the playing with Tattoodles, to teens watching MTV, to adults on the Internet. Body piercing has excelled so much that it is now on a level referred to as body art along with tattoos. Piercing is part of the broader body modification movement.(Leo) It is figured that 1 out of 10 wad have a piercing some where other than their ear. Todays social standards are not what they once were. Society has begun to relax on what is viewed as the ideal image. It has gone from the conservative middle class look to the open-minded, anything goes creative look. The point is not to look like the crowd anymore rather to enjoin oneself and make a statement to the rest of society. One doesnt have to have the nicest or most business like look to get far. Society has a tendency to indefinitely relax its standards to accommodate even more bizarre and anti- social extremes of behavior. (Watten berg)Piercing achieved mainstream recognition in American society in the 1990s. More people began to accept it. One newspaper put it well It moved from societys margins to the mainstream. (Leo) Piercing used to be done by outcasts of society and was often looked down upon, but now, body piercing studios expand by about one studio per day.